番茄灰霉病菌室内毒力测定及药效试验

【目的】研究解淀粉芽孢杆菌对番茄灰霉病的防治效果,为该药剂的应用提供参考。【方法】采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法,分别测定了解淀粉芽孢杆菌(WP)、枯草芽孢杆菌(WP)、40%多菌灵(WP)、50%异菌脲(WP)和40%嘧霉胺(WP)对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制作用及有效抑制中质量浓度(EC50);采用盆栽试验和田间试验,分别测定了以上5种药剂对番茄灰霉病的防治效果。【结果】解淀粉芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、40%多菌灵、50%异菌脲和40%嘧霉胺对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长抑制的EC50分别为946.28,757.19,75.36,8.95和5.53μg/mL,对孢子萌发抑制的EC50分别为1 665.56,1 416.16,241.90,37.32和21.35μg/mL。盆栽试验结果显示,解淀粉芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、40%多菌灵、50%异菌脲和40%嘧霉胺750倍液的保护效果分别为68.47%,70.14%,74.18%,74.13%和80.63%。田间试验结果显示,解淀粉芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、40%多菌灵、50%异菌脲和40%嘧霉胺750倍液的防治效果分别为63.37%,64.83%,69.56%,73.49%和75.55%。【结论】解淀粉芽孢杆菌对番茄灰霉病菌的室内毒力作用和田间防治效果与枯草芽孢杆菌相当,可以作为田间防治番茄灰霉病菌的一种辅助药剂。     

Vergleichende Betrachtung von Verfahren zur Auswertung von Nährstoffsteigerungsversuchen am Beispiel Phosphor

Comparison of two procedures to evaluate phosphate‐fertilizing field trials Growth response of agricultural crops to different input levels (e.g., fertilizer rates) can be described by the “law of diminishing increments”, which has been formulated mathematically amongst others by Mitscherlich (1928) and von Boguslawski and Schneider (1962, 1963, 1964). In the present paper, the economically optimal phosphate‐fertilizer requirements in 43 long‐term phosphate (P)‐fertilization experiments were calculated using equations on the basis of the yield functions of Mitscherlich or von Boguslawski and Schneider, respectively. For three field trials with linear or disproportionately high yield responses on P fertilization, none of the two procedures could be used. The same held for four trials with maximum yields already appearing at the first fertilization level. Similar P‐fertilization optima were calculated for 36 trials following the “law of diminishing increments”, resulting in a highly significant correlation (R² = 0.946) between both procedures. The correlation coefficients between the phosphate balance at the calculated optimum profitability and CAL‐P content in the soils at trial start were R² = 0.70 (Mitscherlich, 1928) and R² = 0.65 (von Boguslawski and Schneider, 1962, 1963, 1964), respectively. An optimal soil P content of 8–10 mg CAL‐P (100 g soil)^–1 was deduced. Both methods are applicable to calculate the optimum phosphate‐fertilizer requirement if yield effects due to P fertilization follow the “law of diminishing increments” and the increments of fertilization levels in each trial are established in a way that diminishing yield increments can be expected.     

Correcting molybdenum deficiency of chickpea in the High Barind Tract of Bangladesh

A major limitation to chickpea grown on residual soil moisture after the harvest of rice in the High Barind Tract (HBT) of Bangladesh is acidic surface soil. A diagnostic trial conducted in the 2001/02 season showed that Mo was limiting growth and yield of chickpea. Multilocational on‐farm trials in the 2002/03 season established that Mo applied to the soil at 500 g ha^–1 improved nodulation and plant growth and resulted in grain‐yield responses of 58%–173%. In addition, we tested an application method suitable for resource‐poor farmers where Mo and Rhizobium were added in the seed‐priming process. Multilocational trials in farmers' fields in 2003/04 confirmed that this was as effective as soil application of Mo, giving yield responses of 37%–90%. In each of 2004/05 and 2005/06 seasons, 50 farmers implemented on‐farm evaluations of adding Mo + Rhizobium in the priming solution in operational scale plots (666 m²) across the HBT. Mean responses of up to 50%, compared to priming in water only, were obtained. These results suggest that the severe N deficiency of chickpea commonly observed in the HBT can be effectively alleviated by applying Mo and Rhizobium inoculum through a simple low‐cost technology within the scope of resource‐poor farmers.     

Varietal selection for perennial crops where data relate to multiple harvests from a series of field trials

Varietal selection for yield from a series of multi-environment trials can be regarded as a multi-trait selection problem in which the yields in different environments are synonymous with traits. As such an analysis of the data combined across environments should be conducted in order to form an index for selection. Analytical methods that include appropriate models for both the genetic variance structure (that is, the variances and covariances of genotype effects from different environments) and the residual variance structure (which typically comprises spatial covariance models for each trial) have been published previously. In the case of perennial crops, yields are often obtained from multiple harvests which implies that the data comprise short sequences of repeated measurements. Varietal performance in individual harvests is important for selection so that a combined analysis across both trials and harvests is required. The repeated measures nature of the data provides additional modelling challenges. In this paper we propose an approach for the analysis of multi-environment, multi-harvest data that accommodates the major sources of variation and correlation (including temporal). The approach is illustrated using two examples from sugarcane breeding programmes. The proposed models were found to provide a superior fit to the data and thence more accurate selection decisions than the common practice of conducting separate analyses of individual trials and harvests.     

Analysis of sugar cane variety trials. I. Components of variance and genotype-environment interactions

Summary Surgarcane variety trial data from Barbados and Jamaica were analysed by the analysis of variance. From these analyses, components of variance were estimated in an attempt to quantify genotype x environment interactions. Sixteen sets of trials from Barbados and eight from Jamaica were analysed. The results show that GE effects in both countries were small. It is suggested, on the basis of these analyses that variety trials could use resources more efficiently by growing them at fewer sites, since the absence of site x variety interaction makes each site equally effective for identifying the best genotypes.     

Somaclonal variation in explant-derived potato clones over three tuber generations

Summary Tuber characteristics of potato clones (Solanum tuberosum L.) regenerated from cultured leaf, rachis or stem pieces of cv. Desiree were assessed in field trails over three years. In the first two seasons, when the crop was grown for seed potato production, tuber numbers and the tuber yields were normally distributed and the population means of the clones were about the same as those of the controls. When 78 of the clones were grown as a ware crop in a replicated field trial there were statistically significant differences between most clones and the controls in total yield (generally lower) and ware yield (generally higher), brought about by alterations of the size distributions of tubers. In all years the population of clones had fewer scab (Streptomyces scabies) lesions than the controls. Clones with consistent differences in flesh colour and eye depth were also observed. Two out of 78 clones, in 1984, had significantly higher dry matter content. No stable decrease in susceptibility to the cyst nematode Globodera pallida was observed amongst 167 clones tested. These potato plants regenerated from explants clearly show that somaclonal variation can include agronomically relevant changes.     

Analysing genotype by environment interaction in Dutch potato variety trials using factorial regression

Summary Genotype by environment interaction was investigated for yield data from the official Dutch Variety List trials for potato. The data set included 64 genotypes by 26 environments, where environments consisted of year by soil type combinations. Factorial regression models incorporating genotypic and environmental covariates in the interaction were used to analyse the data. The merits of factorial regression models were compared with those of biadditive models. Factorial regression models and biadditive models described comparable amounts of interaction, but factorial regression models provided a better basis for biological interpreration of the interaction.This article was previously published in Euphytica 82: 149–155.     

Effect of end-border condition on small-plot yield of cucumber

Summary Twelve or 14 cultivars and breeding lines (collectively referred to as lines hereafter) of pickling and fresh-market cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) were evaluated in 1.5 m long plots. The plots were harvested once when the check lines reached the 10% oversized fruit stage, and total, marketable, and early (oversized) number of fruits per plot was counted. The plots were planted with or without 1.5 m long end-borders to determine whether end-borders can be eliminated in small-plot trials where seed numbers and field space are limiting. Yield in unbordered plots was inflated 5 to 21% over bordered plots, but there was generally no significant effect in the analysis of variance for line x end-border condition. Therefore, end-borders are not needed when comparing different lines.     

云南省第十套甘蔗区试开远点DTOPSIS法综合评价

采用DTOPSIS法对云南省第十套甘蔗区试开远试点品种进行了综合评价,结果表明：综合性状最优的是云蔗03-258、德蔗03-83、云蔗03-103、德蔗03-68、赣蔗95-108和云蔗02-2332,可以考虑给予进一步繁殖、示范、推广。云瑞03-902综合性状较差,不宜在开远蔗区推广应用。