Local and regional environmental variation influences the growth of tropical trees in selection trials in the Republic of Panama

Native Neotropical trees are being increasingly planted for restoration purposes and timber production, but we lack species-specific data on growth responses to different regional climates and local environmental variation. We used regression trees and variance components to quantify the effects of within- and among-site environmental variation on the basal area (BA) of 21 Neotropical and two exotic tree species at three selection trials in the Republic of Panama. Sites represented distinct regional climates in which annual rainfall varied from 1100 to 2226 mm, with dry seasons of 4.1–6.7 months. Local environmental variables included measures of slope steepness and position, soil texture, soil color, and indicators of soil condition, such as subsoil rockiness.     

品种筛选多环境测试作图分析方法

作图分析是挖掘品种多环境测试信息的有效手段。为充分挖掘测试信息,高效而准确地实现品种评价、筛选与预测这一目标,有必要引进更多可适用众多性状、易于理解和使用的直观作图分析方法。该研究根据近年分析品种多环境测试的经验,提出3种作图分析方法——雷达图、蜡烛图和条件格式,以国家玉米品种区试数据为例,对3种作图方法的使用进行分析。结果表明：3种方法均为适用于品种多环境测试数据的有效作图分析方法,对不同观测性状均可适用,并易于理解和使用;雷达图有助于多指标综合分析,包括品种或环境的认知度、一致性分析,以及品种的筛选和对比;蜡烛图有助于单指标的详细对比和规律挖掘,如试点区辨力、品种稳定性与优异性规律等;条件格式则是数据浏览与直观表达的结合。应用3种作图方法可提高多环境测试的决策效率。     

软骨提取物压片糖果对膝骨关节炎症状的改善

为了探讨一种以软骨提取物、姜黄、葛根粉和薏苡仁粉为主要组分制成的压片糖果的改善膝骨关节炎临床疗效。该试验采用人体试食试验,通过对比试食压片糖果（试验组）和安慰剂（对照组）两组受试人群在试验前后的视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale, VAS）、西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数（WOMAC）、临床症状积分和血清白细胞介素-6（interleukin-6, IL-6）、超敏C反应蛋白（high-sensitivity C reactive protein, hs-CRP）水平等试验结果,发现试验组的VAS评分、WOMAC评分中疼痛、关节僵硬、生理功能评分和总分均在试食结束后显著降低（P < 0.01）,明显低于对照组;且临床症状评分中关节疼痛、压痛、晨僵时间、肿胀评分和总评分均得到显著减低（P < 0.01）,并呈现出较高的有效率（61.02%）,显著高于对照组（有效率15.25%）（P < 0.01）;此外,试食后试验组的IL-6水平显著降低（P < 0.05）,且试食期间未见不良反应和安全性指标异常。由此可见,该压片糖果具有明显改善膝骨关节炎的疗效,能够缓解膝关节疼痛和肿胀、改善膝关节功能和活动度,控制病情,且可能与调节炎症因子IL-6有关,是一种安全有效改善膝骨关节炎症状的健康食品。     

Paths out of poverty: An eclectic and idiosyncratic review of analytical approaches

This paper briefly reviews different debates about approaches for paths out of poverty, considering several views, from the analysis of specific policies to more general or systemic considerations. The contribution of this paper is to present a broad outline of those debates and to serve as an illustration of the complexity of analyzing paths out of poverty. It discusses in sequence, the more microeconomic approach of evaluation of individual policies for poverty alleviation; then it moves to broader issues of growth and development strategies, and macroeconomic policies, and their links to the persistence or reduction of poverty; and finally discusses the topic of institutions, related to how policy decisions are made and enforced in societies at the previous three levels. Finally, the concluding section argues that a successful program to eliminate poverty must integrate all levels of individual policies, macroeconomic programs, development strategies and good institutions. This paper hopes to contribute to that crucial work.     

木醋液的杀线活性及对根结线虫病的防治效果研究

 【目的】初步探究木醋液对根结线虫2龄幼虫的抑制作用,以及木醋液及其配剂对根结线虫病的田间防治效果。【方法】采用浸渍法测定不同稀释浓度的木醋液对根结线虫2龄幼虫抑制作用,根据实验室测定结果设计小区试验,进行木醋液及其配剂对石榴根结线虫病、番茄根结线虫病的大田防治。【结果】不同稀释浓度的木醋液对4种常见根结线虫的2龄幼虫均有抑制作用,随着稀释倍数的增加,抑制作用减小。木醋液稀释浓度为150倍处理72 h时,北方根结线虫、花生根结线虫、南方根结线虫、爪哇根结线虫的校正死亡率分别达到了76.3%、78.４%、77.9%和72.2%。木醋液和木醋液配剂对石榴根结线虫病有较好的防治效果,防治效果分别达到了63.9%和50.5%。木醋液和木醋液配剂对番茄根结线虫病的防治效果,寻甸分别为54.1%和28.6%,个旧的为27.8%和19.6%。【结论】初步证明木醋液对根结线虫2龄幼虫有抑制作用,对石榴根结线虫病和番茄根结线虫病有防治效果,对防治根结线虫病有研究价值、应用价值和开发前景。     

1．6％胺鲜酯对水稻生长影响及增产作用研究

[目的]研究1．6％胺鲜酯对水稻生长和增产作用。[方法]在田间小区试验条件下,研究试验药剂不同使用剂量对水稻生长、增产效果和田间应用安全性。[结果]1．6％胺鲜酯水剂制剂稀释1000—1500倍,连续用药2次,水稻增产率达6．51％以上,与对照药剂相当,对环境和作物安全。[结论]1．6％胺鲜酯水剂是调节水稻生长性状和增产增效较为理想的药剂。     

新型杀虫剂甲磺虫腙的合成与杀虫活性

以对氯苯甲酰氯、苯甲醚、甲基磺酰氯、水合肼、丁酮等为原料合成了新型杀虫剂甲磺虫腙(试验号:ZJ0967),其化学名称为甲磺酸-4- 苯酯,其结构经1H NMR、MS和元素分析确认。室内生测结果表明,甲磺虫腙对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella、甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua,特别是对粘虫Mythimna sepatara、斜纹夜蛾Prodenia litura表现出良好的杀虫活性。进一步毒力测定表明,甲磺虫腙对斜纹夜蛾的LC50值为8.45(7.69~9.62) mg/L,其杀虫活性与虫酰肼相当,但低于氟啶脲。田间试验结果表明,70%甲磺虫腙WG在有效成分为210~420 g/hm2时,对斜纹夜蛾7 d的防效可达88.6% ~93.9%,未观察到对作物产生药害。     

GGE双标图在西北旱区马铃薯新品种选育中的应用

采用GGE双标图将西北旱区马铃薯品比试验中的42个参试品系的产量、株高、主茎数、单株块茎数、单株薯块质量、商品薯率等农艺性状展示在双标图中进行综合分析。结果表明,在参加马铃薯品比试验的42个品系中,G38(0903-111)与产量和单株薯块质量关系相互作用大;G16(0904-25)、G30(0904-51)、G31(0773-9)、G35(0773-3)与主茎数、单株薯块数相互作用大;G1(0913-27)、G2(0911-101)、G6(0929-6)、G9(0904-75)、G20(0907-25)、G23(0904-11)、G24(0904-15)等品系与株高和商品薯率的相互作用较大。表现较好的品系有G38(0903-111)、G16(0904-25)、G31(0773-9)、G1(0913-27)等,其中品系G38(0903-111)综合表现最好。参加品比试验的6个农艺性状中,产量和单株薯块质量相比其它农艺性状,具有很强的代表性,能够准确反映出试验各品系的表现特性。单株薯块数和商品薯率对各品系表现的区分力强。     

Effect of herbicides and annual weeds on the yield and seed quality of lathyrus (Lathyrus sativus L.)

Field research conducted over six location years has indicated that lathyrus (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a poor competitor with annual weed species. Failure to control annual weeds reduced lathyrus seed yields by 54–95%, depending on the weed species present and their density. Weed competition also reduced thousand-seed weight. Preplant soil-incorporated applications of trifluralin and postemergence applications of sethoxydim controlled wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beav.). Trifluralin failed to control wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), an important broad-leaved weed in western Canada, but this weed was controlled by both preplant soil-incorporated and postemergence applications of metribuzin. Lathyrus exhibited excellent tolerance to these herbicides, which are currently registered for use on high-acreage crops in Canada.