浅谈阔叶次生林的人工促进天然更新

人工促进天然更新是恢复和发展天然阔叶林的重要更新方式,具有投入少、恢复快、收益大和易于实施等特点.人工促进天然更新的阔叶次生林与人工营造杉木林样地比较结果表明,在同一立地条件下,同龄阔叶树的树种种类、郁闭度、生物多样性、高径比等各项生长指标均高于人工杉木林.文中阐述了人工促进天然更新中的抚育间伐、林分改造、封山育林和封禁保护、补植等具体措施,并提出保护现有阔叶林,实施人工促进阔叶林天然更新,扩大水源涵养林、水土保持林等防护林比重等建议.     

Fuelwood Resources and Forest Regeneration on Fallow Land in Uganda

Abstract

East African forests have been largely converted to agriculture. The remaining forests hold many endangered species but are threatened by the heavy local demand for fuelwood. Here we evaluate fallow land in western Uganda as an alternate fuel source to diverse forests. We quantify the regeneration process on fallows, calculate tree bio-mass increases, and measure grass and woody herb biomass over 44 months. The biomass values we measured were typical or slightly below the average from 11 studies elsewhere in the tropics. Variation in biomass between our neighboring study sites exceeded that between sites on different continents, indicating the sensitivity of vegetation regeneration to local land use. Tree regeneration was extremely slow (0.46 g/m²/year); however, the woody herbs and grasses on a 4 year old fallow of ～0.5 ha can provide much of a family's domestic fuel. Fallow land is generally abundant in western Uganda and can partially alleviate pressure on forests for domestic fuels. Fallows cannot however provide the trees demanded by charcoal, brick, and gin manufacturers. In the future, conserving forests while meeting fuelwood demands will require improving local land tenure security, enhancing the productivity of cultivated and abandoned land, promoting more efficient stoves, stills and kilns, and curtailing illicit, inefficient charcoal manufacture.     

民勤绿洲人工治沙林自然更新能力调查研究

民勤绿洲治沙造林以梭梭、柠条、沙拐枣为主要树种,经多年定点观测研究,结果表明:梭梭、柠条、沙拐枣在民勤地区均能实现一定量的自然更新,更新量与当年降水量及降水的理想分布呈正相关;梭梭更新一般发生在春季,但春夏无有效降水的情况下,秋季也有少量更新,而柠条、沙拐枣的更新以秋季为主,翌年春季也有更新;3树种自然更新对林木盖度增加几无影响,6年间梭梭、柠条、沙拐枣每hm2株数分别增加了16.7%、8.0%、37.2%;3树种自然更新有明显的地域差异性;个例调查,沙拐枣良好更新具有普遍性,柠条次之,而梭梭只能为个例;更新能力沙拐枣柠条梭梭。     

金樱子(Rosa laevigata Michx.)叶片直接再生不定芽体系的建立

以金樱子组培苗的划伤叶片为外植体,研究了不同植物生长调节剂配比组合、暗培养时间、添加物L-脯氨酸、叶片不同部位对不定芽直接再生的影响。结果表明:当TDZ浓度为1.5 mg·L^-1、NAA浓度为0.000 5 mg·L^-1时,不定芽直接发生率最高,为9.5%;不同暗培养时间对不定芽直接诱导具有一定影响,暗培养时间为10 d时不定芽的直接发生率最高,为10.5%;添加了不同浓度的L-脯氨酸后不定芽的诱导率不增反降,所以以不添加L-脯氨酸为宜;叶片不同部位的再生率比较中,仅带叶叶柄可直接诱导出不定芽。综上所述,叶片直接再生不定芽的诱导方法是,以金樱子带叶叶柄为外植体,在直接诱导培养基上1/2MS+TDA 1.5 mg·L^-1+NAA 0.000 5 mg·L^-1+CH 100 mg·L^-1+AgNO3 10 mg·L^-1+蔗糖30 g·L^-1+琼脂7.5 g·L^-1,暗培养10 d后,转至正常光周期下培养3周左右,不定芽诱导率最高,为10.5%。所得不定芽在增殖培养基MS+NAA 0.1 mg·L^-1+6-BA 1.0 mg·L^-1生长3周后,增殖系数可达到3.5左右;将丛生芽切割成单芽后转入不含任何激素的MS培养基壮苗3周,幼苗可长高至3~5 cm;再转入MS+NAA 0.1 mg·L^-1培养基中生根,1个月后生根率达95%。     

Callus induction and plant regeneration from lateral shoots of herbaceous bamboo Mniochloa abersend

Callus induction and plant regeneration of Mniochloa abersend via lateral shoots were conducted in this study. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 1.0 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was effective for compact callus induction. Remarkably, calli on the MS medium with 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D yielded the highest folds of proliferation (8.01), and showed a high potential capacity to differentiate 1 year after subculture. In addition, the compact calli possessed 100% differentiation rate and generated more shoots that were green and strong in 1.0 mg/L kinetin and 1.0 mg/L NAA. Vigorous roots were generated in the 1/2MS supplemented with 0.5 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid, and the resultant plantlets exhibited 90% survival rate after they were hardened and transplanted. The established regeneration system of M. abersend provides a promising platform for bamboo gene function study.     

Sorghum extrusion process combined with biofortified sweet potato contributed for high iron bioavailability in Wistar rats

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sorghum and sweet potato on the bioavailability of iron, gene expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism and the plasma antioxidant capacity in animals fed with whole sorghum grains processed by dry heat or extrusion, combined or not with sweet potato flour with high content of carotenoids. Five experimental groups were tested (n = 7): dry heat sorghum flour (DS); extruded sorghum flour (ES); whole sorghum flour + sweet potato flour (DS + SP); extruded sorghum flour + sweet potato flour (ES + SP) and positive control (FS). The evaluations included: hemoglobin gain, hemoglobin regeneration efficiency, gene expression of divalente metal transporter 1 (DMT-1), duodenal citochroma B (DcytB), ferroportin, hephaestin, transferrin and ferritin and total plasma antioxidant capacity (TAC). The ES + SP group showed higher (p < 0.05) expression of DcytB, ferroportin and hephaestin when compared to the control group. The DS group showed high (p < 0.05) expression of DMT-1 and the ES showed high mRNA expression of transferrin and ferritin. The changes in the sorghum physicochemical properties from extrusion process reduced the iron and phytate content, and increased the gene expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism, improving iron bioavailability. The combination of sweet potato and sorghum flour (dry or extruded) improved the iron capture and total antioxidant capacity, probably due to the presence of β-carotene and antioxidant compounds.     

上海半自然森林更新苗物种组成与多样性研究

城市半自然森林具有独特的群落结构和生物多样性特征,研究城市化影响的半自然森林更新特征,可以为城市生物多样性保育与地带性植被恢复重建提供借鉴。文章以上海辰山残存半自然森林1 hm^2固定监测样地为对象,调查分析半自然森林更新苗的物种组成特征。结果表明:1 hm^2样地更新苗共5 937株,分属22科32属37种,其中上海自然分布的乡土种占57.89%,明显高于城市人工林的乡土树种比例;香樟、构树、天竺桂、朴树和小蜡等5种更新苗占总数的57.2%,聚集性分布格局明显;在11个植被群落类型中,各类型更新苗的丰富度普遍较高,不同树种的更新苗存活和发育潜力存在差异。     

薰衣草茎段再生体系的建立

以薰衣草带芽茎段为外植体,探讨不同激素种类与水平等因素对其愈伤诱导、不定芽分化、增殖与不定根形成的影响,并筛选了薰衣草试管苗过渡移栽的适宜基质等。试验结果表明:不定芽启动培养以MS+BA1.0~2.0mg/L+蔗糖30g/L+琼脂6.5g/L为宜;继代增殖以MS+BA1.0~2.0mg/L+IBA0.25mg/L+GA1.0mg/L+蔗糖30g/L+琼脂6.5g/L为宜;不定根分化以White+IBA0.4mg/L+蔗糖20g/L+琼脂6.5g/L或White+NAA0.8mg/L+蔗糖20g/L+琼脂6.5 g/L为宜。     

不同高粱自交系幼胚组织培养及植株再生

以7份高粱自交系幼胚为外植体,研究了不同基因型对组织培养的反应和植株再生的差异。结果表明:不同高粱基因型间愈伤组织诱导率没有明显差异,但胚性愈伤组织百分率、不定芽分化率以及再生频率有明显差异。其中YN336A、YN267R、YN510R和YN338A的再生效果较好,其不定芽发生率、不定根发生率及移栽成活率分别为64.4%-72.8%,76.2%-100.0%和36.3%-80.0%。对只生根不生芽的基因型,加入1-2 mg/L KT有明显抑制生根、促进生芽的效应。     

基于14C同化物运转和分配对黄柏剥皮的再生机理

以14C为示踪剂,用14CO2+CO2法对2年生黄柏进行半株标记,在主干上环状剥去韧皮部,以塑料薄膜包裹,燃烧法制样、液体闪烁测量法测14C活度。结果表明,未剥皮黄柏韧皮部的14C同化物运输速率为52.0cm/h,3h左右同化物从树冠运输到根系,树冠不同部位的功能叶14C同化物分配为:中部功能叶>上部功能叶>下部功能叶;剥皮后,同化物分配规律改变为:上部功能叶>中部功能叶>下部功能叶;剥皮第15天在新生韧皮部、剥口下方的树皮及根系中检测到14C同化物,表明新生韧皮部的生理功能得到恢复。