Folk experiments

Folk experiments in agriculture are often inspired by new ideas blended with old ones, motivated by economic and environmental change. They tend to save labor or capital. These notions are illustrated with nine short case studies from Nicaragua and El Salvador. The new ideas that catalyze folk experiments may be provided by development agencies, but paradoxically, the folk experiments are so common that the agencies that inspire them usually pay little attention to them. Some folk experiments are original, but others simply copy innovations that farmers have seen somewhere else. Unlike formal scientific research, in which results are consistently written, folk experiments are rarely “inscribed,” because the results are for use by individual farmers and need not be shared with an audience.     

15株NDV地方株的分离鉴定与生物学特性

从1998~2002年河南省洛阳地区代表性新城疫发病禽群中分离鉴定了15株新城疫病毒(NDV),并对其生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明,15株NDV均呈现良好的血凝活性和特异的血凝抑制特性;对鸡胚的致病作用可被新城疫阳性血清所抑制;对鸡胚最小致死量的平均死亡时间(MDT),1日龄雏鸡脑内接种的致病指数(ICPI)和6周龄鸡静脉内接种的致病指数(IVPI)的测定证实,LD-6-01和LR-2-00株是弱毒株,其余均为强毒株;弱毒株的血凝素热稳定性较好,属慢速血凝解脱型;强毒株的血凝素热稳定性差,属快速或中速血凝解脱型;所有毒株均可较好地凝集鸡和人(O型血)的红细胞,但对其他动物的红细胞凝集性差异较大。对HI抗体为6log2的12日龄雏鸡攻毒试验结果表明,15个分离株中2个弱毒株可得到100%保护;13个强毒株中,LG-1-99,LR-1-98,LD-4-01和LD-3-00得到了70%~90%的保护,而其他9个分离株(LD-1-98,LD-2-99,LD-5-01,LD-7-02,LR-3-02,LW-1-02,LG-2-00,LA-1-99和LE-1-01)基本上得不到保护(0~20%),但所有得不到保护的试验组鸡的发病死亡时间均明显向后推迟。     

沼气干发酵工艺连续处理奶牛粪起动试验研究

该试验以奶牛粪为主要发酵原料,在批式发酵的基础上进行连续试验.研究了干发酵的起动方式,同时探讨了发酵原料、浓度、接种量、C/N比、pH值等因子对产气的影响.结果表明在发酵原料C/N为19.8,TS为25％,接种量为30％的条件下,采用先批式后连续的起动方式效果良好.池容产气率最高达0.5 m3·m-3d-1.     

时间分数阶扩散方程的并行高效Legendre谱方法

研究了两类时间分数阶扩散方程的并行高效Legendre谱方法,分数阶导数分别代替标准的扩散方程的二阶空间导数和一阶时间导数。空间方向采用高效的Legendre谱方法,时间方向使用了基于Fourier级数展开的Laplace数值逆,并对其参数进行了优化。给出了两类时间分数阶扩散程的数值格式和数值例子,与其他方法比,该方法数值结果更优。     

Spray drift as influenced by meteorological and technical factors

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate spray drift from a conventional field sprayer as influenced by meteorological and technical factors, and to provide spray operators with data on which to base sound judgements when applying pesticides. The study was conducted in grazing fields and cereal crops. RESULTS: Interpreting the results from 15 field trials under varying meteorological conditions using different boom heights and driving speeds indicates that, during normal spraying conditions, the most decisive factors influencing the total spray drift (TSD) will be boom height and wind speed, followed by air temperature, driving speed and vapour pressure deficit. One important finding was that TSD (within the encompassed range of meteorological conditions and a boom height of 0.4 m) could be expressed as a simple function of the fraction of droplets ≤ 100 µm. In cereal crops: TSD = 0.36 + 0.11× [fr. (d ≤ 100 µm)] and in grazing fields, TSD = 1.02 + 0.10× [fr. (d ≤ 100 µm)]. In most cases a fraction of the airborne drift passed over the 6 m sampling mast located 5 m downwind of the spray swath. CONCLUSIONS: Under specified conditions, the present results indicate a simple relation between the total spray drift and volume fractions of droplets ≤ 100 µm. Given the nozzle type, it was concluded that the most decisive factors determining TSD are wind speed and boom height. Evaluating the relative importance of the meteorological and technical factors contributes to increasing knowledge in this field of research. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

反复剪切作用下砒砂岩土壤力学性能试验

为分析砒砂岩土壤的力学性能,该文根据砒砂岩土壤的粒径分布特点,对比分析3种不同粒径（≥0.5～1 mm、≥0.25～0.5 mm、＜0.25 mm）,4种不同含水率（5%、8%、11%、14%）土壤试样在法向压力50~300 kPa作用下反复直剪的力学性能,得出以下结论：1）不同粒径的砒砂岩在第1次剪切中剪应力出现峰值,第2、3、4次的剪应力与剪切位移关系曲线呈微硬化型。粒径范围为≥0.25～0.5 mm的砒砂岩峰值强度和残余强度均最低;2）砒砂岩随含水率增加,峰值强度和残余强度均有所降低。粒径范围为≥0.5～1 mm的峰值强度和残余强度受含水率影响最显著;3）进一步拟合得到了砒砂岩法向位移和剪切位移的函数关系,可以较好地反应砒砂岩剪切过程的剪胀规律。该研究为砒砂岩区水土流失及边坡稳定问题的防治提供力学依据。     

双行手扶式大蒜联合收获机设计和试验（英文稿）

为解决大蒜机械化收获时损伤率与损失率较高的问题，结合大蒜物理特性和种植模式，该研究设计了一种双行手扶式大蒜联合收获机，主要由挖掘装置，矫正装置，夹持装置，切割装置，收集装置等组成，可一次完成大蒜的挖掘，姿态矫正，夹持输送，茎根切割，低损收集等作业工序。为提高大蒜收获作业质量，采用Box-Behnken中心组合试验方法，以前进速度、挖掘深度、链条距离为试验因素，以损伤率和损失率为评价指标，进行参数优化试验。建立各影响因素与指标之间的回归数学模型，分析各因素对响应值的交互影响，获得最优参数组合为：前进速度0.51 m/s、挖掘深度97.2 mm、链条距离7.6 mm，对应的损伤率、损失率分别为0.65%、1.28%，对优化结果进行验证试验，试验结果表明在最优参数组合下，损伤率为0.63%、损失率为1.25%，各评价指标与预测值均很接近。研究结果可为大蒜联合收获机进一步完善结构设计和工作参数优化提供参考。     

Improving minimum detectable differences in the assessment of soil organic matter change in short‐term field experiments

The demand for information on cropping system impact on soil organic matter (SOM) calls for efforts to improve the utilization of short‐term field experiments (e.g., to evaluate the parameterization of cropping systems in models). Those approaches have coped with the problem of determining small SOM changes within a large background mass. Thus, objectives of this survey are (1) the improvement of the minimum detectable difference (MDD) in SOM in the hudycrop short‐term field experiment by methods of sampling design and data treatment, (2) the verification to what extend the hudycrop short‐term field experiment allows for the determination of management induced effects on SOM, and (3) the investigation to what extent the obtained results may be suitable to evaluate the parameterization of a SOM balance model. The design of the hudycrop is suitable for excluding outliers plotwise. The estimation of plot means can be improved by the sampling design. Instead of determining a single plot mean in a mixed sampling procedure, the design provides multiple values for each plot, allowing for the identification of extreme values before calculating plot means. In consequence, minimum detectable differences decrease by a factor of 0.53 for soil organic C (SOC) and 0.63 for soil total N (STN) masses, allowing for detection of changes in the magnitude of 3.7 and 2.6% of background SOC and STN levels, respectively. Differences between treatments, however, are significant with corrected values (after outlier exclusion) for the crop production systems with the highest impact (potatoes and mulched red clover). Determining outliers based on Student's t‐test gives the lowest MDD and is therefore considered to be the most suitable method in this case. Correlations between apparent changes and SOM balances according to the HU‐MOD–2 model, used in this survey, indicate that the experimental design, in principal, is suitable for the evaluation of the parameterization of crop production systems in models. Still, an improved precision in SOM change detection is necessary. Reasonable options for that purpose are discussed in the paper.     

晒黄烟品种比较试验

[目的]开展晒黄烟品种比较试验,明确各晒黄烟品质特征.[方法]2013年在铜仁市松桃县对不同晒黄烟S1、S2、S3、S4、S5、S6、S7共7个品种进行了区域试验,观察记载其生育期、植物学性状、农艺性状、病害发生及经济性状等.[结果]结果表明:S3、S5、S6、S7大田长势强(较强),分层落黄均匀,原烟外观质量好;S7、S3经济性状表现较好.[结论]研究表明,S7、S3可以在铜仁市松桃县进行进一步品种示范验证.     

Experimental comparison of aerial larvicides and habitat modification for controlling disease-carrying Aedes vigilax mosquitoes

BACKGROUND: Microbial and insect‐growth‐regulator larvicides dominate current vector control programmes because they reduce larval abundance and are relatively environmentally benign. However, their short persistence makes them expensive, and environmental manipulation of larval habitat might be an alternative control measure. Aedes vigilax is a major vector species in northern Australia. A field experiment was implemented in Darwin, Australia, to test the hypotheses that (1) aerial microbial larvicide application effectively decreases Ae. vigilax larval presence, and therefore adult emergence, and (2) environmental manipulation is an effective alternative control measure. Generalised linear and mixed‐effects modelling and information‐theoretic comparisons were used to test these hypotheses. RESULTS: It is shown that the current aerial larvicide application campaign is effective at suppressing the emergence of Ae. vigilax, whereas vegetation removal is not as effective in this context. In addition, the results indicate that current larval sampling procedures are inadequate for quantifying larval abundance or adult emergence. CONCLUSIONS: This field‐based comparison has shown that the existing larviciding campaign is more effective than a simple environmental management strategy for mosquito control. It has also identified an important knowledge gap in the use of larval sampling to evaluate the effectiveness of vector control strategies. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry