森林文化简论

森林文化体系与生态、产业体系并列为现代林业三大体系。在广泛涉猎相关文献的基础上,对森林文化的意义和内涵进行了系统分析,认为森林文化传承人类文明,开启生态思想,有8种文化形态和4种表现形式,其形成具有客观必然性,提出了弘扬森林文化的基本途径。     

北京山区水源林结构与功能关系研究

为了准确把握北京山区水源林林分特征,掌握其结构与功能的关系,以北京山区的水源林16种森林类型作为研究对象,分析了林分的结构特征;采用因子分析方法对林分结构与水源涵养功能关系进行多因子分析研究,结果表明:在林分层次上,影响水源涵养功能的林分结构因子主要是林分树种组成、年龄、郁闭度、起源、层次、生物量以及土壤结构7个因子。研究结果可为北京山区水源林经营提供科学依据。     

基于生态文明价值观的家庭林场发展研究

家庭林场经营模式的优点,除了创新经营管理体制,解放农村生产力,调动广大林农的生产经营积极性,促进林农脱贫致富外,还在于该模式内涵丰富的生态文明价值理念,能够将生态文明价值观在代际间传递延续,指导生产实践,保护生态环境,实现永续发展,这对促进生态文明建设、构建美丽中国具有重大的现实作用和深远的影响意义。本研究在阐明家庭林场内涵丰富的生态文明价值理念的基础上,阐释了发展家庭林场的经济、社会和生态效益,并针对目前家庭林场发展存在的问题提出对策建议。     

论森林防火的意义与措施

简要论述森林防火的必要性、加大森林防火宣传工作的途径以及做好森林防火工作的具体措施。     

甘肃迭部国有林区生态效益补偿机制的探讨

本文从白龙江主要流域的生态现状入手，着重介绍和分析了白龙江流域迭部国有林区生态效益补偿机制的现状和问题，提出了主要的解决办法。     

Environmental Change and the Sustainability of European Forests

Summary

It is some years now since forest decline was a major public concern in Europe and was one of the principal environmental issues around which international research programs were focused. A number of internationally coordinated activities were initiated in the 1980s and 1990s and have continued until now; these contributed significantly to our current understanding of forestry and to the way in which forestry policies have developed. In short, the concept of sustainable development has had an increasing influence and is now of immeasurable value in forest policy, with sustainable forest management well established as its guiding principle. This sequence of events is examined here. The extent to which understanding has advanced is remarkable; much has changed. Arguably this period gave the first indication of the extent to which forests and ecosystems globally are threatened by environmental change. On the basis of the last 20 years, it is tempting to conclude that we now have an effective institutional framework and have made excellent progress. However, some of the recorded ecosystem responses seem anomalous; there are surprises in system responses, e.g., the linkage between sulphur and nitrogen depositions and forest growth. Even more importantly some specific pollutant problems remain and will intensify, and climate change has become an environmental issue of overwhelming importance.     

自然保护区和国有林区野猪在贵州省道真县境内死亡的流行病学调查

2020年2月20日,贵州省道真县生态护林员在其境内的国家级大沙河自然保护区和国有林区发现多具野猪尸体。为弄清野猪死亡原因,防止可能出现的疫情在当地扩散,采用描述性流行病学方法,对本次野猪死亡事件展开调查。截至2020年3月4日,在该县3个镇8个村(社区)10个村民组,共排查发现23具野猪尸体,以体质量偏小的低幼龄野猪居多,约占70%;发现地点分布具有明显的聚集性和方向性;因大部分尸体高度腐败,仅从采集的1份病料中,检出猪圆环病毒核酸阳性,未检出猪瘟、口蹄疫、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征、非洲猪瘟等疫病病原;经排查,未发现野猪尸体附近的村(社区)生猪养殖户饲养的生猪发生异常发病死亡现象。经伽马分布估算,该县平均每天可能出现的死亡野猪数为0.44头(95%CI,0.28~0.64)。综上分析推测,野猪死亡既有经境内公路来往的生猪运输车辆及废弃物传入疫病导致的可能性,也不排除中毒或天气变化等其他因素的可能。由此建议加强公路沿线一带的林区排查,加大跨省公路车辆消毒力度,降低野猪死亡事件带来的潜在风险。     

A new galago species for South Africa (Primates: Strepsirhini: Galagidae)

The primate fauna of South Africa has historically been viewed as comprising three diurnal cercopithecoid taxa – chacma baboons (Papio ursinus), vervet (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) and samango monkeys (Cercopithecus albogularis) – and two nocturnal lorisoid species – the thick-tailed greater galago (Otolemur crassicaudatus) and the southern lesser galago (Galago moholi). Here we report the positive identification of a third galago species within South Africa’s borders: the Mozambique dwarf galago or Grant’s galago, Galagoides granti (Thomas and Wroughton, 1907). The taxon was previously held to be restricted to Mozambique, eastern Zimbabwe, Malawi and Tanzania, but we have also observed it in the sand forest of Tembe Elephant Park and the Tshanini Community Reserve, near the Mozambique border. The species was formerly mistaken for Galago moholi, erroneously (we believe) extending the range of the latter species into northern KwaZulu-Natal. In South Africa the two small galagos are unlikely to have overlapping ranges: Galago moholi prefers dry savanna woodlands, whereas Galagoides granti is apparently confined to dry sand forest. However, both species may coexist with the larger and more widespread Otolemur crassicaudatus, an inhabitant of moist savanna, forest edge and thicket. The true South African ranges of both small galago species need to be ascertained.     

Detection of Ecballium elaterium in hedgerow olive orchards using a low-cost uncrewed aerial vehicle and open-source algorithms

BACKGROUND

Ecballium elaterium (common name: squirting cucumber) is an emerging weed problem in hedgerow or superintensive olive groves under no tillage. It colonizes the inter-row area infesting the natural or sown cover crops, and is considered a hard-to-control weed. Research in other woody crops has shown E. elaterium has a patchy distribution, which makes this weed susceptible to design a site-specific control strategy only addressed to E. elaterium patches. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop a methodology based on the analysis of imagery acquired with an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) to detect and map E. elaterium infestations in hedgerow olive orchards.

RESULTS

The study was conducted in two superintensive olive orchards, and the images were taken using a UAV equipped with an RGB sensor. Flights were conducted on two dates: in May, when there were various weeds infesting the orchard, and in September, when E. elaterium was the only infesting weed. UAV-orthomosaics in the first scenario were classified using random forest models, and the orthomosaics from September with E. elaterium as the only weed, were analyzed using an unsupervised algorithm. In both cases, the overall accuracies were over 0.85, and the producer's accuracies for E. elaterium ranged between 0.74 and 1.00.

CONCLUSION

These results allow the design of a site-specific and efficient herbicide control protocol which would represent a step forward in sustainable weed management. The development of these algorithms in free and open-source software fosters their application in small and medium farms. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

基于森林资源节约的出版规范改进研究

针对当前我国森林资源和文字规范工作的实际情况,在统计分析了森林资源流向、书刊发行现状的基础上,从节约资源的角度出发,应用工业工程的理论思想和方法对文字的规范标准及纸张节约等相关问题进行分析研究,提出了具有较强操作性和实际意义的改进方法。