城市公园绿地布局公平性精准化评价方法研究——以北京市海淀区为例

为提升城市公园绿地使用效率,查找公园绿地分布布局短板,基于公平理念,借助地理信息系统(GIS),从城市公园绿地服务能力与社区人群需求出发,利用分级公园绿地服务覆盖率、地均绿地服务水平、人均绿地服务水平区位熵及可达性指标,通过优化可达性评价模型,提出城市公园绿地空间公平性精准化评价方法;并以北京市海淀区为例,对北京市海淀区城市公园绿地空间分布公平性进行实证研究。研究结果显示:海淀区大尺度城市公园绿地供给充足;海淀区社区型游憩绿地供给有待提高;海淀区"三山五园"建设极大地提高了社区绿地可达性。基于研究结果,建议增加社区级城市公园绿地面积及增加社区到达绿地空间的便捷性。实证研究表明,提出的城市公园绿地空间公平性精准化评价模式能为城市公园绿地的更新及规划决策提供依据。     

Greening plans as (re)presentation of the city: Toward an inclusive and gender-sensitive approach to urban greenspaces

Cities around the world are increasingly expanding their sustainability agendas and adopting urban green and blue infrastructure planning as a strategy to become more resilient, healthy and sustainable. However, the development of urban greening governance often lacks a holistic vision that considers social inequities within the planning, implementation and management of green and blue spaces. Further, gender inequities have been a specific dimension particularly overlooked in urban greening planning, despite gender concerns gaining increasing political relevance in recent years. In this research, we assessed the extento to which social and gender equity are being considered in urban greening plans and projects at the local level. We chose Barcelona (Spain) as main case study due to its pioneering role in implementing crosscutting equity and gender policies at the municipal level. Building on document analysis and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, we examined how social justice and gender are understood and operationalized in practice, from the design phase to implementation and maintenance of greening projects. Our findings suggest a shift in the role of urban greening which evolved from an ornamental role to a multifunctional vision of greening and is recently incorporating equity and inclusivity concerns. We identified three action areas of inclusive, gender-sensitive urban green planning practices: first, the incorporation of inclusivity and care as guiding visible values to recognize multiple needs of city residents; second, urban design for different uses and perceptions of greenspaces, particularly in relation to accessibility and autonomy; and third, the awareness and expertise from municipal staff vis-à-vis the consideration of social and gender equity in green planning and participatory approaches. Finally, we provide practical examples of the strategies that the City of Barcelona is implementing in each area and discuss some challenges and limitations, including what we identify as ad hoc intersectional greening.     

社会公平视角下的杭州城市公园绿地可达性研究

根据差异化的公园服务体系与精细化的人口热力数据，建立多模式的高斯两步移动搜索模型G2SFCA，并结合双变量局部空间分析方法biLISA，研究杭州市城市公园绿地布局的可达性与合理性。结果表明:1）杭州城市公园可达性呈现西高东低的整体空间格局，服务不足地区主要分布在中心城区的东南部；2）不同群体的公园可达性因社会经济特征不同而异，基于住房数据的高低房价群体呈现出更加显著的空间分异与错配现象；3）随着地理尺度的变化公园可达性的平均值和可达性标准差均下降，基于网格尺度和热力数据的可达性分析能够更好地反映公园绿地的供需关系。提出区域互动性、设施联通性、群体补偿性、绿地共享性的空间优化对策，以期为城市公园绿地规划的人本主义转向与空间动力机制研究提供理论依据与技术支撑。     

Advancing research on urban greenspace experiences and perceptions in disadvantaged communities: A social housing perspective

Empirical assessments of the experiences and perceptions of urban green space (UGS) in a social housing context are scant. Studying UGS perception in these contexts is important to understand how people experience and derive benefits from UGS in disadvantaged communities. This short communication provides interdisciplinary and methodological guidance on how to conduct empirical assessment of UGS experience and perception in social housing neighborhoods. For conducting these types of studies, we suggest researchers go beyond simply calculating UGS abundance around communities and consider assessing UGS experiences and perceptions. We suggest designing studies that account for the mixed nature of many social housing communities and that develop useful UGS perception measures that can be associated with wellbeing and community indicators. Finally, we also recommend: (1) designing studies at the local scale and developing strong relationsihps with the social housing communities before and while conducting these studies; (2) considering safety as a key component of UGS perception measures; (3) considering the association between UGS perception measures and wellbeing and community experience indicators to strengthen existing models of UGS benefit provision.     

投资者保护、大股东持股比例与现金持有量

以2005～2011年沪深两市A股391家上市公司为样本研究投资者保护、大股东持股比例和现金持有量的关系，研究结果表明，大股东持股比例与现金持有量间呈倒“U”型关系。进一步按照投资者保护程度的高低对样本进行分组，研究发现，当大股东持股比例小于48%时，投资者保护程度高的组，大股东持股比例和现金持有量呈显著正相关关系；当大股东持股比例大于48%时，投资者保护程度高的组，大股东持股比例和现金持有量呈显著负相关关系。