云南农村环境污染分区分类创新体系研究

指出了云南省有非常复杂的气候条件,农村环境污染的治理面临着巨大的挑战。主要以农村环境的污染为主题,分别将气候特征、污染特性、环境风险相类似的农村进行同类处理,提出了两级分区(四个一级区和三个二级区)一级分类(五种类型)的云南农村环境污染分区分类治理体系,结果表明:该体系的分区结果可以为云南农村环境污染控制决策提供参考,使农村污染的治理将更加具有针对性。     

环境监测在环境保护中作用探讨

从多个角度阐述了环境监测在环境保护中的重要作用,包括为环保工作指明方向、提供有力的参考依据、促进环保工作的高效开展等,从健全相关政策、加大投资力度、培养高素质人才等方面提出了有效措施,力求使环境监测质量与效率得到显著提升。     

基于耕地承载力的十堰市畜禽养殖环境风险评价

【目的】十堰市是南水北调中线工程的核心水源区,全面认识畜禽养殖污染现状及其对耕地的潜在威胁,为加强畜禽粪便风险管控提供依据。【方法】运用畜禽粪便环境风险评价模型,对十堰市各县(区、市)2020年主要畜禽粪便来源结构进行定量分析,并从种养平衡视角对其环境风险进行综合评价。【结果】十堰市2020年主要畜禽养殖粪便猪粪当量达306.85×10⁴ t,且主要分布于郧阳区、丹江口市和房县,粪便中有机物的化学需氧量(COD)最大(57.00×10⁴ t),总氮(TN)(2.63×10⁴ t),总磷(TP)含量较少(0.65×10⁴ t)。十堰市畜禽养殖等标污染负荷总量为15.532×10¹⁰ m³,且在不同地区的来源结构差异明显,TP是畜禽养殖的首要污染物,其污染等标负荷占负荷总量的41.68%,其次为TN,污染负荷率为33.85%,COD的等标污染负荷率最小,为24.47%。养牛是十堰地区畜禽养殖面源污染的首要污染源,对等标污染负荷总量的贡献率达49.47%,其次为...     

百脉根不定根发育相关基因LcC2DP1的克隆与功能初步分析

为研究百脉根（Lotus corniculatus L.）C2钙依赖蛋白激酶基因LcC2DP1在不定根形成过程中的功能,通过RACE法从百脉根中克隆LcC2DP1基因,利用qRT-PCR检测其时空表达模式,并通过农杆菌介导的瞬时表达系统在百脉根中过量表达LcC2DP1并鉴定其功能。结果显示：LcC2DP1基因全长705 bp,编码235个氨基酸,分子质量为25.95 ku,与蒺藜苜蓿同源性最高（82%）;在百脉根不定根分化过程中持续表达,表达部位为根、茎和叶片;与野生型亲本（WT）相比,转LcC2DP1基因百脉根（TP）的不定根分化提前1~2 d;在不定根分化的9~15 d ,其总根长分别是WT的168%、155%,根体积分别是WT的249%、161%,根尖数分别是WT的156%、137%。TP百脉根的总根长（P<0.01）、根体积（P<0.01）和根尖数（P<0.05）表现出一定的发育优势,表明LcC2DP1基因可能与百脉根不定根发育调控相关。     

畜禽养殖环境效率及其污染物减排——以不同规模生猪养殖为例

为探究中国生猪养殖产生污染物的减排潜力,基于随机前沿生产函数模型,利用2004—2016年生猪养殖的省级宏观数据,测算了不同规模生猪养殖的环境效率,并从时间和空间2个维度计算了生猪养殖产生污染物的潜在削减量,最后进一步探究了生猪养殖环境效率的提升路径。结果表明:1)小规模、中规模、大规模生猪养殖的环境效率均值依次为0.924、0.953、0.926,随着养殖规模增大环境效率呈现出"倒U型"趋势,而且随着时间推移3个规模生猪养殖的环境效率均出现了不同程度的上升趋势;2)在时间维度上,小规模、中规模、大规模生猪养殖1头猪1年产生的污染物还可以平均减少5.89、2.42和4.13 kg,但随着时间推移3个规模生猪养殖污染物的潜在削减量均在不断减少;3)在空间维度上,小规模生猪养殖东部地区污染物的潜在削减量要高于中西部地区;中规模生猪养殖污染物的潜在削减量在各区域中相对均衡;而大规模生猪养殖污染物的潜在削减量在不同地区呈现出两级分化趋势;4)本研究选取的生产要素投入量、饲养天数以及环境治理费用等对生猪养殖环境效率均有显著影响。最后,基于研究结论,提出相关的措施建议以提升生猪养殖环境效率。     

基于STM32单片机控制的电动微耕机研制

以大棚内工作环境和作业要求为依据设计了一种纯电动微耕机,以STM32F4芯片作为微耕机主控芯片,附加惯性导航传感器、无线遥控等设备,实现微耕机的远程遥控作业,以此达到节能环保、减轻劳动强度、提高作业效率的目的。试验结果表明:该微耕机作业效率为3. 3h/hm2,耗电量为18k W·h/hm2,经济性和工作效率远高于市面上同规格其它类微耕机,且其相关技术要求符合国家出台的机械行业微耕机技术标准,具有广阔的市场应用前景。     

No detrimental effect of Bt maize pollen containing Cry1Ab/2Aj or Cry1Ac on adult green lacewings Chrysoperla sinica Tjeder

Adult Chrysoperla sinica Tjeder is a common pollen feeder in maize fields. They are thus directly exposed to insecticidal proteins by consumption of genetically engineered maize pollen containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins. Here we assessed the potential effects of Cry1Ab/2Aj- or Cry1Ac-containing Bt maize pollen on the fitness of adult C. sinica via a dietary-exposure assay under laboratory conditions. Survival, pre-oviposition, fecundity and adult dry weight did not differ between adult C. sinica consuming Bt or the corresponding non-Bt maize pollen. The stability of the Cry protein in the food sources and uptake of the Cry protein by adult C. sinica during the feeding experiment were confirmed by ELISA. These results demonstrate that adult C. sinica are not affected by the consumption of Cry1Ab/2Aj- or Cry1Ac-containing maize pollen, suggesting that production of Bt maize expressing cry1Ab/2Aj or cry1Ac genes will pose a negligible risk to adult C. sinica.     

Two new IncRNAs regulate the key immune factor NOD1 and TRAF5 in chicken lymphocyte

Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) causes the atrophy of immune organs and immuno-suppression in chickens, but the underlying molecular mechanism of the immune response after infection by REV is not well understood. Presently, the RNA-seq was used to analyze the regulation of immune response to REV in chicken lymphocytes from peripheral blood. Overall, 134 differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) between cells with REV infection or without in vitro were screened. Based on the differentially expressed protein-coding genes, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor pathway related to immune regulation was enriched. Two lncRNAs (L11530 and L09863) were predicted to target the NOD1 and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 5 (TRAF5) gene, respectively, which are involved in the NOD-like receptor pathway with cis-regulation way. The in vitro results revealed the significantly up-regulated (P<0.01) levels of lncRNA-L11530 and its target gene, NOD1, and the significantly down-regulated (P<0.05) levels of lncRNA-L09863 and its target gene, TRAF5, in lymphocytes after REV infection. These changes also occurred in vivo in blood lymphocytes of chickens infected with REV. Further, L09863 and L11530 were respectively interfered, the expression levels of their target genes NOD1 or TRAF5 were significantly down-regulated, accompanied by the change of IL-8 and IL-18 secretions in lymphocytes. The NOD-like receptor pathway appears to be important in the immune response to REV, LncRNA-11530 and IncRNA-09863 might involve in the immune regulation on REV infection by targeting NOD1 or TRAF5 in blood lymphocytes of chickens. Our findings reveal a new regulation of lncRNAs (L11530 and L09863) on immunity in chicken peripheral blood lymphocytes for REV infection by changing the expression of the target genes via the NOD-like receptor pathway.     

农村环境污染的成因及治理对策

当前随着经济发展,以及城市化不断扩展,农村环境受到严重污染,已经不同往日的清 净。随着城市发展我国提出可持续发展,因此要求不断提高城市及农村的环境,解决环境污染 问题。在农村地区产生最主要的环境问题为水污染,垃圾污染,大气污染,大多是城市环境污染 过于严重而迁移到农村,因此本文针对农村环境污染的成因进行分析,并提出解决措施。     

热带桉树人工林液流特征及其对环境因子的响应

【目的】探明热带桉树蒸腾耗水时间变化规律及其与环境因子的关系。【方法】通过热扩散探针法(TDP)于2016年1—12月对海南省儋州林场桉树树干液流进行实时监测,并同步监测气象、土壤水分等相关环境因子。【结果】①雨季桉树液流瞬时变化特征多为"双峰"型曲线,旱季为"单峰"型,雨季液流到达峰值时间在11:00—11:30之间,峰值平均为8.68 mL/(cm2·h),并在15:00—15:30出现第2个液流峰值,平均峰值为8.16 mL/(cm2·h),旱季液流达到峰值时间在13:00—13:30之间,峰值平均为7.45 mL/(cm2·h);②旱季和雨季桉树液流瞬时速率对相对湿度和大气温度的时滞均为30 min,对光合有效辐射的时滞均为-30 min;③日尺度上桉树平均液流速率为2.06 mL/(cm2·h),最大值出现在7月15日,为4.25 mL/(cm2·h);最小值出现在11月25日,为0.14 mL/(cm2·h),太阳有效辐射(PAR)、大气温度(Ta)、饱和水气压差(VPD)是影响桉树日均液流的主要环境因子,树木胸径大小与日均液流速率正相关;④桉树月均液流速率的变化特征为"单峰型"曲线,雨季液流速率均值为2.53 mL/(cm2·h),旱季为1.80 mL/(cm2·h),最大值出现于7月,为3.42 mL/(cm2·h),最小值在2月,为1.40 mL/(cm2·h),其中PAR、Ta、VPD是主要影响因子。【结论】热带桉树人工林液流存在明显昼夜与季节节律,不同观测尺度下影响桉树液流速率的主要环境因子均为PAR、Ta、VPD。