种植区环境对燕麦种质成株期白粉病抗性的影响

为探究种植区环境对燕麦种质成株期白粉病抗性的影响,利用相对抗病指数分别对种植在甘肃省半干旱区(甘肃农业大学兰州牧草试验站)和二阴地区(通渭县华家岭镇)的28份燕麦资源在田间自然感病条件的白粉病成株期抗性进行了鉴定和评价。结果表明:28份材料中4641和99AS207在两个试验点均表现为高抗,4607、Rigdon、DA92-3F4、青永久252、青永久9和青永久98等6份材料在两个试验点均表现为中抗,但4628、伽利略和青永久307在牧草站表现高抗白粉病,在华家岭表现高感,而709、青永久316、青永久49在牧草站高感白粉病,在华家岭表现高抗;所有参试材料中以4628的相对抗病指数变化最大,在华家岭和牧草站分别为0和0.92。结果表明种植区环境对燕麦白粉病抗性有显著影响,参试材料在半干旱地区的病害平均严重度高于二阴地区。     

松嫩平原南部羊草草地水分生态环境分析

根据1985～1989年的试验,对松嫩平原南部天然羊草(Aneurolepidium chinense)草地的水分生态环境进行了分析。研究表明:松嫩平原南部羊草草地年水分收支基本相等,但收与支的时间格局不一致,6月明显干旱,7月末地表暂时性积水;土壤含水率在生长季初期(4月)最高,雨季来临前(6月)最低;空气相对湿度在整个生长季中均较低,生长季初期尤为明显;人类对草地的过度利用已对水分生态环境造成严重的不良影响。生长季前期干旱抑制植物同化器官的充分生长和发育,使其不能有效利用雨季的大量降水;空气干旱降低植物的 CO_2同化量,二者都制约草地生产力的提高。本文还从治标和治本两个角度探讨了改善松嫩羊草草地的水分生态环境,提高生产力的途径。     

The nearest-plant method is robust and powerful enough for different survey teams to monitor change in mesic grassland species composition

A long-term rangeland monitoring programme needs to employ a field survey technique that is practicable, precise, powerful enough to distinguish change, not prone to worker bias, and able to distinguish real change from operator error arising from staff turnover. These criteria were used to evaluate a widely used grassland sampling technique in South Africa – the nearest-plant (with 200 points) method (NP) – against common alternatives, namely NP excluding forbs (NP-nf), the plant number scale (PNS; a cover-abundance method) and quadrat frequency (QF), using multivariate ordination and permutation tests. Four trained teams surveyed four grasslands using each method. PNS took more than twice as long as the other techniques, which were similarly rapid. Estimates of composition using NP methods were the most precise and PNS was least repeatable, with QF intermediate. Compositional differences between sites were most finely distinguished using NP-nf, followed by NP and QF. PNS was able to detect only marked differences and had the greatest potential for surveyor bias. The NP method, with or without including forbs, is therefore recommended for monitoring the species composition of mesic, dense grassland. Some suggestions for monitoring agencies on how best to use multivariate methods are presented.     

Temporal associations between low body condition,lameness and milk yield in a UK dairy herd

Previous work has hypothesised that cows in low body condition become lame. We tested this in a prospective longitudinal study. Body condition score (BCS), causes of lameness and milk yield were collected from a 600-cow herd over 44-months. Mixed effect binomial models and a continuous outcome model were used to investigate the associations between lameness, BCS and milk yield. In total, 14,320 risk periods were obtained from 1137 cows. There were 1510 lameness treatments: the most common causes of lameness were sole ulcer (SU) (39%), sole haemorrhage (SH) (13%), digital dermatitis (DD) (10%) and white line disease (WLD) (8%). These varied by year and year quarter. Body condition was scored at 60-day intervals. BCS ranged from 1 to 5 with a mean of 2.5, scores were higher in very early lactation but varied widely throughout lactation; approximately 45% of scores were <2.5. The key finding was that BCS < 2.5 was associated with an increased risk of treatment for lameness in the following 0–2 months and >2–4 months for all causes of lameness and also specifically for SU/WLD lameness. BCS < 2.5 was associated with an increased risk of treatment for SH in the following 0–2 months but not >2–4 months. There was no such association with DD. All lameness, SU/WLD, SH and DD were significantly more likely to occur in cows that had been lame previously, but the effect of BCS was present even when all repeat cases of lameness were excluded from the analysis. Milk yield was significantly higher and fell in the month before treatment in cows lame with SU/WLD but it was not significantly higher for cows that were treated for DD compared with non-lame cows. These findings support the hypothesis that low BCS contributes to the development of horn related claw lameness but not infectious claw diseases in dairy cows. One link between low BCS and lameness is a thin digital cushion which has been proposed as a trigger for claw horn disease. Cows with BCS 2 produced more milk than cows with BCS 2.5, however, this was only approximately 100 kg difference in yield over a 305-day lactation. Given the increased risk of lameness in cows with BCS 2, the direct costs of lameness and the small variability in milk yield by BCS, preventing cows from falling to BCS < 2.5 would improve cow welfare and be economically beneficial.     

科学发展观的评价指标体系构建

本文通过对科学发展观基本内涵的剖析，以及专家们的见仁见智，得出科学的发展观应该是经济发展、社会进步、生态良好，并通过运用模糊数学方法在层次分析法的基础上对一些核心的量化指标进行了综合评价和权重的优化，进而构建了科学发展观的评价指标体系，以期能更为科学地评价我们的社会是否在更加科学地发展。     

干旱矿区不同干扰强度下土壤种子库特征

土壤种子库是矿区植被恢复的重要因素,其特征在一定程度上反映了区域的植被恢复潜力.本研究通过样地调查和室内萌发法对乌海新星煤矿区3种不同干扰条件下的土壤种子库及与其地表植被之间的关系进行分析.结果表明:1)新星矿区土壤种子库共有18种植物,隶属于7科16属,物种生活型以多年生草本植物为主;2)新星矿区土壤种子库平均储量较...     

The good shepherd: remedying the fencing syndrome

In this paper the use of fenced grazing camps to manage the rangeland commons is challenged. A historical perspective is presented on fencing and rotational grazing in South Africa. Two case studies in KwaZulu-Natal and the Northern Cape illustrate the factors that influence the management of rangelands under communal land tenure without the use of fences. It is argued that herding is preferred over fencing. The reintroduction of herding could reap multiple benefits such as improving rural livelihoods, reviving customary practice, reducing stock theft, reducing predation and improving biodiversity management. The paper concludes with some issues for consideration when implementing herding as a multipurpose strategy for improved rural livelihoods and sustainable management of natural resources.     

浅谈农村环保型养鸡

针对农村养鸡现状与存在的问题，提出在选种、饲料的科学配合、饲养管理制度、合理用药以降低药物残留、加强养鸡场内外环境保护等方面，建立具有农村特色的环保型养鸡模式。     

Body condition scoring (BCS) in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) and comparison to pre-existing body condition index (BCI) for snakes

In the veterinary profession, the body condition score (BCS) plays an important role in the assessment of patients. It is a subjective, tactile method of evaluating body fat and muscle mass and is used in numerous species. Recognizing obesity (or the contrary, emaciation) is important for veterinarians treating reptiles and could be facilitated by a BCS. An existing form of body condition assessment already used is the body condition index (BCI), where the residuals from a regression of body mass on body length are calculated. Therefore, the goal of this study was to provide practitioners with a BCS system for corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) and to test it against the BCI. A total of 22 corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus), stationed at the “Auffangstation für Reptilien” in Munich (reptile rescue centre, RRC), were subject of this study. Each had the following measurements taken: body weight (BW), snout–tail tip length (STL), snout–vent length (SVL) and circumference in the middle (C). Manual palpation of spine, area between vertebral spinous and transverse process, ribs and neck of each snake was performed by three veterinarians and assigned to specific scores by each examiner. A BCS (mean of examiners’ scores) was given to each snake according to manual palpation. The BCS system was chosen to be out of 5 in 0.5-point steps with 2.5 considered as ideal BCS. In the studied snakes, the BCS ranged from 1.5 to 3.5, with a median of 2.5. The median BW was 309 g (75–967 g), the median STL was 123 cm (79–153 cm), the median SVL was 104 cm (73–133 cm) and the median C was 7.5 cm (4.3–11 cm). BCS and BCI were positively correlated. A BCS includes a manual palpation of the animal and thus gives the examiner additional information to the objectively measured/calculated index.