Trends in natural resource use and prospects for sustainable resource management in Kenya's Arid and Semiarid Lands

This paper describes the environmental problems facing the development of Kenya's Arid and Semiarid lands (ASAL) today. The problems arise because of a rapidly declining resource base in the ASAL as a result of overexploitation and misuse, following basic land use conflicts. The extent of the overutilization or resource damage is not well known and varies a great deal from one agroecological zone to another and from resource to resource in the ASAL; those most affected include: soil, water, range, forest, livestock and wildlife. As a result of increased population growth in the ASAL, these resources are under stress. This paper argues that many of the environmental problems in the ASAL cannot be solved if the development programme does not address the needs of the people who live in the ASAL. There is a need to shift the objective of ASAL development from a preoccupation with economic growth and the idea that the ASAL should make a contribution to GNP through interregional trade and export to sustainable development that enables the communities in the ASAL to support themselves at as good a standard of living as possible. The last part of this paper outlines a strategy to promote such sustainable development.     

邯郸市农业现状研究

从多个角度对邯郸市农业现状进行了研究分析.认为邯郸市农业总体可持续发展水平有所加强,但也存在一些问题.根据实际情况,提出一些合理化建议.     

我国油菜品种改良现状及发展趋势

为了解我国油菜主导品种的品质发展现状和品种改良趋势,以“油菜品种改良”“油菜育种”“油菜产业发展”为关键词检索了PubMed、SpringerLink及中国知网等数据库,获得1987—2023年已发表的相关文献70篇,并结合农业农村部、国家统计局和中国种业大数据平台发布的油菜主导品种数据,综合分析我国油菜主导品种及产业现状、存在的风险与不足以及未来发展趋势。结果表明：1）我国油菜种植面积趋于稳定,油菜品种数量大幅增长,多样性更趋丰富;2）油菜主导品种含油率提升明显,且单产不断取得突破;3）当前我国油菜品种存在一些风险,如特专型品种含油率和产量较低、油菜品种同质化严重、抗病性不强、生育期短且抗逆性强的品种不足等。综上,我国油菜产业在品种改良和产业发展方面取得了显著进展,但仍需关注品种品质和抗病性等问题。未来可通过加强油菜种质资源收集与利用推进转基因生物育种的研发,推进油菜株型、抗性和光合效能的改造以实现产油率等一系列性状的再突破,满足多元化需求,探索密植增产技术,提升油菜机械化生产水平,推动我国油菜产业的可持续发展。     

基于资源、成本和效率相统筹的交通项目临时用地利用评估研究

探索交通临时用地复垦及利用决策,可以有效衔接交通建设、粮食安全和乡村振兴三者之间的关系。以广西壮族自治区崇爱高速公路为例,综合利用多指标评价和空间分析等方法,构建基于资源、成本和效率相统筹的交通项目临时用地复垦及利用适宜性评价体系,进行临时用地利用适宜性指数测算及分级评价,从而确定交通项目临时用地的最佳利用方向和模式。结果表明：1)崇爱高速公路临时用地适宜复垦的评价单元共有11个,面积25.72 hm²;适宜恢复为原地类的评价单元共有16个,面积30.95 hm²,适宜探索其他利用方向的评价单元共有21个,面积53.54 hm²。2)本研究根据交通项目临时用地的特征差异,提出了保留建设、闲置再开发和公共设施补足等3种交通项目临时用地利用方向。实践证明以上研究符合土地整治、乡村振兴和产业用地需求实践。综上,本研究构建的交通项目临时用地复垦及利用适宜性评价体系具有综合性和实用性,可为提高用地节约集约利用效益、缓解乡村用地矛盾、助力地方乡村振兴发展提供借鉴和参考。     

展望21世纪中国与世界的乡村发展前景——灵丘全域有机农业实践与理论认识

为探索21世纪的中国乡村与世界乡村发展情况,本研究以山西省大同市灵丘县全域有机农业的实践成果为依据,利用地理科学与系统科学方法分析中外乡村面临的主要问题并提出对策,综合国家乡村振兴战略目标任务部署,预测中国乡村与世界乡村发展情况。结果表明：中外乡村面临的主要问题为食品安全问题、粮食安全问题、乡村社会安全问题、生态环境安全问题和国际农业安全问题;解决乡村五大安全问题的对策方案为建设全域有机农业;预测2030年时我国需要完成食品安全任务,2035年完成粮食安全任务,2040年完成乡村社会安全任务,2045年完成生态环境安全任务,2050年完成国际农业安全任务。本研究还进一步预测了世界乡村安全在2100年前实现的阶段建设目标。     

我国养蜂业发展的战略定位与对策建议 ——基于产业内外部效应的视角

养蜂业作为现代农业的重要组成部分,具有投入少、见效快、不占用耕地、不污染环境的特点。蜜蜂授粉还可以较大幅度提高农作物的产量和品质,促进农业实现健康、绿色和高质量发展。基于外部性理论及兼顾产业内外部效益,利用国家蜂产业体系固定观察点调研资料、蜂蜜市场价格调查和UNComtrade数据,分析了我国蜂业发展概况、生产模式、布局和发展特征,研判养蜂业面临的挑战,探讨其战略定位。研究表明,定地养殖规模相对较小但投入低,大转地养年运输距离最大可达1.5万km且单群收益最高。专业化、机械化和组织化是促进近年蜂农饲养规模稳步提高的主要因素。当前养蜂业面临3个方面的挑战:出口利润直降,高品质蜂产品生产技术与市场双重考验,大田有偿授粉机制尚未建立。因此,从增加农业农村经济和全社会福利的视角,充分发挥养蜂业在农业绿色、生态和高质量发展中的关键作用,提出战略定位和相应的政策。应着眼于专业蜂农生产技术水平提升,积极探索蜂业与种植业的耦合发展的模式,强化养蜂业外部性功能,以标准分级推动优质优价体系,以提升产业内部效益。     

锰对大豆苗建成的影响

利用蛭石为基质,采取发芽盒培养的方法,综合评价了不同锰水平对大豆(垦农18号)的形态及物质积累的反应。结果表明,与对照相比,施用适宜浓度的锰(0.0001～0.1mg·L-1)具有促使大豆根系发达和促进地上部生长的作用;缺锰或施锰过多均抑制大豆的苗期生长。     

宽甸地区林业资源及其特色产业发展研究

综述宽甸地区自然条件和林业资源概况,介绍林业特色产业的规划布局和建设现状.基于生态文明的发展理念,根据林业资源的特点和优势,提出进一步发展特色林业产业的可行性建议,为充分发挥宽甸地区林业资源潜力提供借鉴.     

单环刺螠精巢年周期发育及精子发生

采用组织学方法观察了单环刺螠(Urechis unicinctus)精巢的形态结构及其年周期发育,并利用超微技术观察了精子的发生过程。结果表明,单环刺螠的精巢呈条带状,位于虫体尾部,两端通过肌束分别与呼吸肠管壁外侧和体壁内侧相连。精巢由生精细胞团与结缔组织组成,结缔组织位于精巢中央,精原细胞团分布于结缔组织外周,精母细胞团散布于结缔组织内,各级精母细胞脱离精巢落入体腔液中,历经精母细胞、精细胞,最后形成精子脱离细胞团进入肾管。根据精巢的组织学特征,将单环刺螠的精巢年周期发育划分为增殖期、生长期、成熟期、排放期和休止期5个时期。光镜和电镜下观察了精巢和体腔液中精子发生各时期的结构变化,包括细胞核形态的变化、顶体发生以及尾部的形成。本研究揭示了单环刺螠的精巢发育特点、精子发生历经的场所和分化特征。     

Reproductive performance,survival and development of nauplii and copepodites,sex ratio and adult life expectancy of the harpacticoid copepod,Euterpina acutifrons,fed different microalgal diets

A series of laboratory experiments were conducted on the harpacticoid copepod, Euterpina acutifrons, to assess the influence of 10 different microalgal diets (four monoalgal and six mixed algal diets) on several parameters related to its productivity in culture. The four monoalgal diets were the Tahitian strain of Isochrysis sp. (T‐Iso), Pavlova salina (Pav), Tetraselmis chuii (Tet) and the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri (Chaet), the five binary diets were T‐Iso+Tet, Pav+Tet, T‐Iso+Pav, Tet+Chaet and Pav+Chaet, while the tri‐algal diet was T‐Iso+Tet+Pav. All diets were fed to copepods at 1500 μ gC L^?1 and in the case of binary or trialgal diets, carbon concentration was divided equally between the two or three algae offered. Among monoalgal diets, the diatom Chaet was excellent for E. acutifrons. Out of the 10 diets tested, the binary diet Tet+Chaet, which contained the diatom Chaet, was the best for naupliar production of single pair E. acutifrons (19.5±1.7 nauplii female^?1 day^?1), significantly (P<0.05) higher than all other treatments except for the Chaet treatment (P>0.05). Similarly, in the group naupliar production trial (50 adult E. acutifrons per replicate), Tet+Chaet produced a significantly higher number of nauplii (405.8±18.6 nauplii day^?1) than the other treatments (P<0.05). Tet+Chaet further supported the highest naupliar survival (82.0±2.8%) and copepodite survival (89.0±2.8%), while the mono‐algal diet Chaet produced the second highest naupliar (76.7±2.6%) and copepodite survival (83.5±2.6%). In contrast, Pav produced the lowest overall survival at the naupliar stage (30.0±2.9%), significantly lower than all other treatments (P<0.05). While development from newly hatched nauplii to copepodites was not significantly affected by diets, mean development time from nauplius to adult was significantly different among treatments. Mean development time from hatching (naupliar I stage; NI) to the adult stage was the fastest with Tet+Chaet and Chaet (6.8±0.0 days for both treatments), which was significantly faster than that of Pav, T‐Iso Pav+Tet and T‐Iso+Pav+Te treatment (P<0.05). E. acutifrons sex ratio was significantly affected by diets, and always skewed in favour of males. Feeding on Pav resulted in the lowest proportion of females (23.7±1.2%), significantly lower than for six of the other treatments (P<0.05). Adult females had longer average life expectancy than males for all treatments, and were the longest when fed Tet+Chaet (9.5±0.4 days), which was more than twice as long as the shortest lifespan recorded for the Pav treatment (4.2±0.6 days) (P<0.05). In summary, among 10 diets tested, the binary diet Tet+Chaet appeared to support the highest culture productivity of E. acutifrons while the diatom Chaet also performed well as a monoalgal diet.