Relationship between effective solar radiation and sap flow process during an entire growing season in Western Mountains of Beijing

In order to explore the relationship between the time processes of solar radiation and sap flow, sap flow velocity (SFV) of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis, effective solar radiation (ESR) and other environmental factors were synchronously monitored for one year in the Beijing Western Mountains by using a thermal dissipation probe (TDP) system and an automatic weather station. Results showed significant differences between changes in diurnal characteristics of ESR and sap flow in sunny days during three seasons. Starting times of sap flow occurred generally 1.5–3 hours later than those of solar radiation and there were small differences between Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis. But peak times and stopping times of sap flow varied con-siderably with large contrasts in ESR. The duration of sap flow showed clear differences among the seasons owing to the variable rhythms of climate factors in Beijing. Fluctuation amplitude in the duration of sap flow remained relatively stable during the autumn but changed greatly during spring and summer. Changes in diurnal sap flow velocity of both Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabu-laeformis were about 0–3 hours later than those of ESR but with the same configuration. The start of sap flow was mainly induced by the sudden intensification of ESR (sunrise effect). Seasonal models of SFV indicated that a cubic equation had the best fit. It was more practical to simulate seasonal water consumption models of trees with ESR. In further investigations, these models should be optimized.     

超声波一步法制备纤维素氯化锂/二甲基乙酰胺溶液

运用超声波一步法制备了纤维素氯化锂/二甲基乙酰胺的离子溶液。通过调节超声波功率和处理时间,对纤维素、氯化锂和二甲基乙酰胺混合物超声波处理5~7 min,并于室温下搅拌3~5 h,即可获得纤维素均匀溶液;研究了超声波处理对纤维素分子及形态结构的影响,并对纤维素溶液的流变性能进行了考察。结果表明,超声波一步法具有工艺简单、易操作以及溶解时间短的特点,所得到的纤维素溶液具有高分子溶液的一般特征。     

船舶兴波导致红树林生态系统退化的机理

通过分析波浪在林内和光滩上传播途径,阐述了船舶引起的频繁巨浪造成红树植物死亡、林内动物种群和数量减少、滩涂断层及红树植物难以自然扩展等生态系统退化机理;在此基础上提出消除和减少船舶兴波对红树林生态系统危害的有效对策。     

应力波法检测活立木品质的研究进展

介绍了应力波无损检测方法的基本原理以及采用该方法检测活立木品质的研究进展情况,阐述了应力波检测用于活立木品质研究的趋势。     

Prediction of transverse shrinkages of young-growth Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) with ultrasonic measurements

Abstract

The objective of this study was to examine the potential of acoustic measurement as a rapid and nondestructive method to predict the dimensional stability of young-growth Sitka spruce and western hemlock. Ultrasonic velocity, peak energy, specific gravity, and radial and tangential shrinkages were measured on twenty-four 25-×102-×y 25-mm specimens obtained from a 58-year-old stand in Southeast Alaska. We found that specific gravity and peak energy of ultrasonic signals were not good predictors of transverse shrinkage, as indicated by poor correlations. Ultrasonic velocity, on the other hand, was found to be a significant predictor of transverse shrinkage and therefore has good potential to be used as a field method to evaluate dimensional stability. The single-parameter prediction model explained 86% of transverse shrinkages in western hemlock and 71% of transverse shrinkages in Sitka spruce. Further study is needed to test the capability and feasibility of using acoustic velocity to predict both longitudinal and transverse shrinkages of wood in standing trees.     

低循环风速下木材表层水分蒸发的试验研究

木材干燥过程中,介质循环速度是一个影响木材干燥的重要工艺参数.在木材各含水率阶段,通过试验分析研究不同介质循环速度对木材干燥速度的影响.结果表明,介质循环速度对干燥速度的影响显著,但其影响随木材含水率（MC）的降低而减弱.在低介质循环速度条件下,试件MC大于45％时,表现为木材干燥速度和木材含水率偏差（△MC）随循环风速的增加而增加,呈显著正相关关系;试件MC介于35％ ～ 45％之间时,正相关关系存在但不显著;试件MC小于35％时,干燥室内循环风速的大小不影响木材的干燥速度和木材含水率偏差（△MC）.对试件表层含水率分析,试件表层含水率大于25％时,试件表面循环风速对试件表层含水率的影响显著;试件表层含水率小于25％时,试件表面循环风速对试件表层含水率的影响很小,不同循环风速下试件表层含水率基本一样.     

超声辅助提取红景天中的原花青素

[目的]研究红景天中原花青素的超声提取工艺条件。[方法]通过单因素试验分析超声提取过程中料液比、乙醇浓度、提取时间和温度等因素对原花青素提取率的影响,并在单因素试验的基础上,采用L9(34)正交试验优选红景天中原花青素的最佳提取条件。[结果]各因素对原花青素提取效果的影响大小顺序为:乙醇浓度(B)料液比(A)温度(C)时间(D);最佳工艺条件为:料液比1∶40(g/ml),乙醇浓度60%,提取温度50℃,提取时间30 min;在此提取条件下,红景天中原花青素的提取率为11.26%。[结论]该方法优选出了红景天中原花青素的最佳超声提取工艺条件,为红景天的开发利用提供了依据。     

2009年1月21～23日西北区寒潮天气过程分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料等,采用天气学原理和方法,对2009年1月21～23日发生在西北地区的一次寒潮天气过程的影响系统配置、冷空气移动路径及高低空环流形势演变和物理量特征进行了分析。结果表明,这是一次"横槽转竖型"寒潮过程,冷空气路径属西北偏北型,有强冷空气在西西伯利亚及贝加尔湖堆积并向南侵袭造成的。物理量的诊断分析发现,正涡度输送对寒潮爆发有一定的作用;冷平流强度强,从温度平流的垂直结构来看,冷平流中心在700 hPa,冷空气主要集中在底层;水汽条件较差,所以降水较弱;地面正负3 h变压差达6 hPa,利于产生变压风,造成大风天气。     

啤酒酵母泥中酵母多糖提取方法研究

【目的】比较不同方法对啤酒酵母泥中多糖的提取效果,旨在为啤酒酵母泥的高效利用提供依据。【方法】采用传统热水浸提法、超声波处理技术、微波辅助提取法、冻融法和酶法从啤酒酵母泥中提取多糖,比较提取效果,并研究了其中提取效果较好的2种方法对酵母多糖提取的协同作用。【结果】传统热水浸提法的酵母多糖提取率为12.8mg/g,酵母细胞破壁率为38%;采用超声波处理技术提取时,时间应控制在30min内,酵母多糖提取率最高达17.6mg/g,酵母细胞破壁率为54%;采用微波辅助提取法提取时,时间应不超过3.5min,酵母多糖提取率最高达16.6mg/g,酵母细胞破壁率达48%;采用冻融法处理啤酒酵母泥,反复冻融5次时,酵母多糖提取率最高可达13.7mg/g,酵母细胞破壁率达42%;采用酶法处理时,当木瓜蛋白酶用量为200IU/g、温度为50℃、时间为15h时,酵母多糖提取率为18.0mg/g,酵母细胞破壁率为58%;采用超声波处理技术与酶法相结合处理啤酒酵母泥时,酵母多糖提取率可达24.5mg/g,酵母细胞破壁率达75%。【结论】采用超声波处理技术与酶法提取酵母泥中的多糖时,二者具有协同作用,且提取效果较好。     

有氧运动训练对中华倒刺鲃幼鱼形态特征的影响

为了考察有氧运动训练对中华倒刺鲃幼鱼形态特征的影响,在(25±0.5)℃水温条件下,将大小相当的144尾中华倒刺鲃幼鱼(19.52±0.03)g,(10.29±0.02) cm轻度麻醉后随机分为4组:对照组、1 bl/s(体长/秒)训练组、2 bl/s训练组和4 bl/s训练组,在相应流速下训练8周(18 h/d)后,从各实验组中各随机挑选中华倒刺鲃,幼鱼12尾,测量并计算其形态特征参数.结果显示1 bl/s训练组尾柄侧面积显著大于对照组(p＜0.05);2 bl/s训练组的腹鳍前长、头长、叉长、尾柄侧面积及尾鳍面积等参数均显著大于对照组(p＜0.05);而4 bl/s训练组头高、体高、体高与体长比显著大于对照组(p＜0.05),其他形态参数较对照组无显著差异.研究结果表明有氧运动训练对中华倒刺鲃幼鱼的形态特征产生了显著影响;中华倒刺鲃幼鱼在不同流速下表现出的形态特征差异可能与其游泳速度和能量消耗相关.