高校图书馆履行信息服务和教育职能的现状调查

2002年《普通高等学校图书馆规程（修订）》规定,高校图书馆应履行信息服务和教育两大职能,依据CNKI数字图书馆．对其所收录的图书馆学、情报学刊物所发表有关高校图书馆职能的研究论文进行统计和对“2005中国大学100强”高校图书馆网络信息服务和教育内容的调查发现,两大职能的发展和履行并不均衡,因此,高校图书馆要改变观念,明确其教育职能的主导地位,加强信息素养的培训教育,加快远程教学服务,使信息服务和教育职能齐头并进．均衡发展。     

高校图书馆读者服务工作的思考

从高校读者群及其需求特点分析入手,阐述了从内外两方面提升高校图书馆馆员自身素质的必要性,强调“以人为本,读者第一,服务育人”的服务理念。     

Trawl fishing impacts on the status of seabed fauna in diverse regions of the globe

Bottom trawl fishing is a controversial activity. It yields about a quarter of the world's wild seafood, but also has impacts on the marine environment. Recent advances have quantified and improved understanding of large‐scale impacts of trawling on the seabed. However, such information needs to be coupled with distributions of benthic invertebrates (benthos) to assess whether these populations are being sustained under current trawling regimes. This study collated data from 13 diverse regions of the globe spanning four continents. Within each region, we combined trawl intensity distributions and predicted abundance distributions of benthos groups with impact and recovery parameters for taxonomic classes in a risk assessment model to estimate benthos status. The exposure of 220 predicted benthos‐group distributions to trawling intensity (as swept area ratio) ranged between 0% and 210% (mean = 37%) of abundance. However, benthos status, an indicator of the depleted abundance under chronic trawling pressure as a proportion of untrawled state, ranged between 0.86 and 1 (mean = 0.99), with 78% of benthos groups > 0.95. Mean benthos status was lowest in regions of Europe and Africa, and for taxonomic classes Bivalvia and Gastropoda. Our results demonstrate that while spatial overlap studies can help infer general patterns of potential risk, actual risks cannot be evaluated without using an assessment model that incorporates trawl impact and recovery metrics. These quantitative outputs are essential for sustainability assessments, and together with reference points and thresholds, can help managers ensure use of the marine environment is sustainable under the ecosystem approach to management.     

张家口市河流筑坝与硬化的生态系统健康影响研究

研究筑坝与硬化对河流生态系统健康的影响,为人工改造河流的生态修复和管理优化提供科学依据。以张家口市清水河—洋河干流5个不同程度筑坝与硬化的河段为研究对象,构建了包括河道结构、河床底质、水文特征、水质参数和水生生物5类指标的河流生态系统健康指数(RHI),评估了筑坝与硬化对河流健康的影响。结果表明,河道轻微疏浚或具拦砂坝河段的生态系统健康等级为好(RHI 30~40),具溢流堰河岸硬化河段为中等健康(RHI 20~30),筑坝和河床河岸全硬化的河段生态系统健康等级为差(RHI 10~20)。筑坝与硬化改变河流物理结构,进而影响河床底质组分和水文特征,其与RHI的变化显著相关(P<0.05),是损害河流生态系统健康的主要原因;此外,总磷、有机质污染及较低的水生生物多样性对河流的健康均有不利影响,仅在夏季植物大量生长和污染物质被稀释时,RHI有所提高。为了改善河流生态系统的健康状况,需要恢复自然的河岸和缓冲带,改善河流水动力,并加强外源污染控制。     

区域生态系统治理企业——基于区域生态认证的生态系统管理专业化

区域生态认证是实现可持续发展的一种市场机制, 区域生态系统治理企业(REME)是这一动力机制的关键结点。分工理论和企业理论的推导表明, 应建立REME以实现区域生态系统管理专业化。对区域生态认证机制中REME的博弈分析进一步表明, 每个区域只应由1个REME申请认证, 该REME与政府构成代理人-委托人关系, 与其他企业和组织在讨价还价博弈中互利合作。除了通过REC标志使用权转让获利外, REME还应当开辟其他的获利途径以改变风险偏好, 争取在博弈中的有利地位。     

环境与生物因子对土壤呼吸及其组分的影响

生态系统呼吸中土壤呼吸的不确定性最大。文中阐述了环境与生物因子如土壤温度、湿度、理化性质、大气CO₂浓度、生物因子及人类活动对土壤呼吸及其组分产生的影响, 并对未来相关领域的研究进行了展望。     

河北雾灵山典型森林群落物种多样性研究

在对雾灵山自然保护区9个代表林分物种多样性详细调查的基础上,运用多种群落多样性指数对其群落的物种多样性进行分析。结果表明:各群落在乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种多样性指数均呈现出一定的差异。乔木层物种多样性、P ielou均匀度指数和丰富度指数变化趋势呈一致性。灌木层和草本层均出现不一致性,主要是因为各林分起源不同,天然林群落是由处于不同发育阶段、具有不同组成结构、大小不同的众多斑块镶嵌而成的,是一个健康的生态系统。人工林群落的生物多样性很低,使人工林群落无论在活力、组织结构和恢复能力等诸方面,均表现出系统的不健康特点。     

马占相思人工林生态系统养分积累与分配

通过对8年生马占相恩人工林生态系统养分积累与分配的研究,结果表明：林地土壤0-50cm土层内全c积累量为69090kg·hm^-2,全N积累量为3725kg·hm^-2,全P积累量为647kg·hm^-2,交换性K积累量为648kg·hm^-2,交换性Ca积累量为987kg·hm^-2,交换性Mg积累量为63kg·hm^-2;凋落物养分积累量N为58．764kg·hm^-2·a^-1,P积累量为1．608kg·hm^-2·a^-1,K积累量为9．021kg·hm^-2·a^-1,Ca积累量为22．898kg·hm-2·a^-1,Mg积累量为4．079kg·hm^-2·a^-1;人工林林分各元素积累量N为277．04kg·hm^-2、P为7．72kg·hm^-2、K为57．21kg·hm^-2、Ca为93．22kg·hm^-2、Mg为10．24kg·hm^-2;林下植被养分积累量N、P、K、Ca、Mg分别为35．40、2．67、29．47、22．38、4．00kg·hm^-2。     

Source Water Quality Improvement under Special Riverine Ecosystem with Ecological Embankments

An experimental model was made on the improvement of sources water quality through the construction of a special riverine ecosystem using ecological embankments, which consisted of porous concrete, microorganism and hydrophytes. It was found that, with six day as retention time (RT), the removal rates were 20.9% for CODMn, 13.4% for UV254, 81.4% for NH+4-N, 96.8% for NO2-N and 67.7% for TN. In contrast, in the control pool with hard embankment, the removal rates only reached 9.6% for CODMn, 5.0% for UV254, 70.8% for NH+4-N, 42.4% for NO2-N and 34.6% for TN. Through coordination of all constituent elements of special aquatic ecosystem such as porous concrete, hydrophytes and substrate micro organisms, organic pollutants and nitrogen can be removed effectively.     

跳虫在茶园生态系统中的生态作用

跳虫是茶园土壤生态系统中分布极广的一类小型至微型节肢动物。它们在茶园土壤中与其它土壤动物对土壤物质循环、结构、理化性质、能流、降解化肥与农药和生物群落的维护等发挥十分重要作用。土壤跳虫的多样性以及群落结构、物种构成都反映了土壤质量和受污染状况。