湿地稻-鸭复合系统中田间杂草的变化规律

为了克服水稻田大量施用化学农药除草的弊端,对中稻和晚稻的稻鸭共生田中杂草种群的消长动态进行系统研究．结果表明,稻田养鸭对杂草的控制效果为98．5％～99.3％,比施用化学除草剂的效果高6．9％～16．1％．放鸭田不仅消除了杂草危害,而且省工、省药、增产、增收,是一项一举多得的生物除草技术。     

基于生态系统服务功能的东江流域关键性生态空间识别

东江流域生态环境脆弱,水土流失现象频发,进行关键性生态空间识别对维护其生态环境安全和促进区域可持续发展有着极其重要的意义.该研究通过重要性-敏感性构建关键性生态空间识别评价体系,使用NPP(Net Primary Productivity)定量评价法、模型评价法,定量揭示其关键性生态空间的分布特征.结果表明:1)东江流...     

温排水对围隔生态系统各粒级海洋浮游生物的影响

为了评价电厂温排水对海洋浮游生态系统的影响,2010年10月5日—11日于象山港宁海国华电厂附近海域,根据该海域表层海水温度的变化梯度设计围隔实验,测定围隔中各粒级海洋浮游生物生物量(B),呼吸率（R）和初级生产率(P)以及浮游生态系统的总初级生产量与总呼吸量的比值(TPP/TR)和周转率。分析结果表明,在25.20～26.40 ℃,0.25 ℃的温升对各粒级浮游生物的B,R和P的影响均不明显,0.52 ℃的温升对小型和微型浮游生物的R和P均有一定的促进作用,但对B的影响均不明显,对微微型浮游生物的B,R和P的影响不明显;在25.20～26.40 ℃,0.52 ℃的温升使该浮游生态系统的TPP/TR和周转率分别提高了1.2倍和1.5倍。本研究为评价温排水对海洋生态系统的影响提供了一定依据。     

Exploring tropical fisheries through fishers’ perceptions: Fishing down the food web in the Tonlé Sap,Cambodia

Tropical fisheries are among the most productive fisheries in the world, often providing the primary source of protein for the local population. Despite their importance, data on these systems are relatively limited, thus hampering management and policy development. Here, the implications of increasing fishing pressure are explored by critically evaluating the perceptions of the fishers who rely on these ecosystems to survive. A total of 169 fishers in 26 different fish‐dependent communities in the Tonlé Sap Lake, Cambodia, were surveyed to understand their perceptions of the impact that fishing has had on the ecosystem. The Tonlé Sap is one of the largest, yet poorest studied, freshwater fisheries in the world. Consistent with “fishing down the food web” theory of fisheries, survey data revealed that although fishers observed the total size of fish catch remaining consistent over recent years there has been a drastic decline in the size of individual fish, as well as a reduction in the diversity of species caught. These perceptions are examined with reference to food web theories that explore how fishing pressure leads to ecosystem change, including the more recent “indiscriminate fisheries” theory.     

洱海湿地生态系统及其保护措施探讨

分析洱海湖泊湿地资源与功能价值;从水利建设、围湖造田、旅游业、农业面源污染、渔业生产、工矿企业等方面探讨了人类活动对湿地生态系统的影响;全方位地提出了保护洱海湖泊湿地资源与环境的对策和建议。     

关于建立庄河口湿地自然保护区的意见

在考察庄河口湿地现状基础上,分析湿地生态系统存在着管理、过度开发、环境污染等问题,阐述湿地生态系统保护意义。从保护类型、对象、级别、功能区划分、工程建设等方面提出拟建保护区的基本框架规划。     

黄河口及其邻近水域鱼类生物完整性评价

根据2013—2014年在黄河口及其邻近海域进行的鱼类资源底拖网调查数据,并结合20世纪80年代和90年代的历史资料,依照黄河口水域鱼类区域组成特征,从鱼类种类组成、繁殖共位体、鱼类耐受性和营养结构等方面提出了12个评价指标,初步构建了黄河口水域鱼类生物完整性指数评价指标体系,并制定了评价标准,根据不同年代数据之间的差距分3个层次赋值打分,研究了黄河口水域鱼类生物完整性及其年代际变化。结果表明,20世纪80年代初期黄河口水域鱼类生物完整性表现为"极好"水平;90年代处于"差"水平;2013年处于"极差"的水平。与20世纪80年代初期相比,黄河口及其邻近水域的鱼类生物完整性呈下降趋势,人为因素对生态环境干扰较大,过度捕捞等造成黄河口水域鱼类种类减少甚至消失,黄河口水域生态健康状况下降。     

An ecosystem modelling approach to deriving viable harvest strategies for multispecies management of the Northern Gulf of California

• 1. An ecosystem analysis was developed focusing on resource exploitation and biodiversity conservation for the Northern Gulf of California. The main tools employed were a trophic ecosystem model and time dynamic simulations.
• 2. The ecosystem was represented by an Ecopath model that included 34 functional groups, from primary producers to top predators. It included relevant species in the area such as commercially important shrimp (e.g. Litopenaeus stylirostris) and highly endangered species (Phocoena sinus and Totoaba macdonaldi).
• 3. Temporal simulations of changing fishing effort allowed the evaluation of fishing impact on the ecosystem components and, particularly, on protected species. Formal optimization methods were applied with the purpose of searching viable temporal patterns of fishing effort that might minimize social, economic and conservationist conflicts in the area.
• 4. The results of those simulations showed the capability of the model to represent reference temporal series of relative biomass. The search for viable fishing strategies resulted in effort allocation consistent with those proposed by other studies; that is, a decrease in the industrial shrimp fleet (35–65%), a decrease in the gillnet fishing fleet (52–57%), and an increase of the artisanal shrimp fishery (63–222%).
• 5. The main conflicts in the Northern Gulf of California seem to take place between social and conservation interests, while the economic and ecological benefits seem to be relatively independent. The next steps towards conflict resolution and ecosystem management should consider the design and operation of MPAs already established in the region.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ecoviability for ecosystem‐based fisheries management

Reconciling food security, economic development and biodiversity conservation is a key challenge, especially in the face of the demographic transition characterizing many countries in the world. Fisheries and marine ecosystems constitute a difficult application of this bio‐economic challenge. Many experts and scientists advocate an ecosystem approach to manage marine socio‐ecosystems for their sustainability and resilience. However, the ways by which to operationalize ecosystem‐based fisheries management (EBFM) remain poorly specified. We propose a specific methodological framework—viability modelling—to do so. We show how viability modelling can be applied using four contrasted case‐studies: two small‐scale fisheries in South America and Pacific and two larger‐scale fisheries in Europe and Australia. The four fisheries are analysed using the same modelling framework, structured around a set of common methods, indicators and scenarios. The calibrated models are dynamic, multispecies and multifleet and account for various sources of uncertainty. A multicriteria evaluation is used to assess the scenarios’ outcomes over a long time horizon with different constraints based on ecological, social and economic reference points. Results show to what extent the bio‐economic and ecosystem risks associated with the adoption of status quo strategies are relatively high and challenge the implementation of EBFM. In contrast, strategies called ecoviability or co‐viability strategies, that aim at satisfying the viability constraints, reduce significantly these ecological and economic risks and promote EBFM. The gains associated with those ecoviability strategies, however, decrease with the intensity of regulations imposed on these fisheries.