四川省长江上游水土保持工程生态经济综合评价

小流域水土流失治理策略及其生态经济评价是水土保持学科的热点问题,以整个工程实施范围作为对象的研究成果鲜见报道。该文以四川省长江上游水土保持重点防治综合治理第五期工程整个治理区域为研究对象,以县级行政区内的小流域综合治理区域为评价单元,选取反映项目区社会经济和生态状况的46个指标,通过运用主成分分析法和多元线性回归分析,得出13种治理措施主成分,并对治理前后的生态经济状况进行综合评价和排序,建立了生态经济综合发展水平位次变化与治理措施主成分之间的多元线性回归模型。结果表明：不同的治理措施、治理措施实施的范围大小、实施的力度和强度是影响其对于生态经济发展水平贡献大小的主要原因。     

基于IPCC排放因子法估算碳足迹的京津冀生态补偿量化

构建合理的生态补偿量化标准关系着京津冀区域的健康发展。采用IPCC排放因子法计算京津冀地区2006-2015年的碳足迹,结果表明:10 a间京津冀地区碳足迹变化趋势分为2个阶段,2006到2013呈现快速增长趋势,年增长率约为8.5%,2013年之后基本保持不变;考虑森林、草地、农用地的固碳能力的前提下,测算了京津冀地区2006-2015年的碳承载力,结果表明:2009年京津冀地区的碳承载力有明显增高,之后基本保持平稳,略有提升;为了对比不同区域内(人口和区域面积)碳赤字对生态的影响,提出了碳赤字敏感度,进而利用碳赤字敏感度构建了生态补偿因子的概念,并据此确定京津冀三区生态补偿的量化标准,结果表明:河北和北京每年都应得到天津支付的一定额度的生态补偿,其中河北2012年应获得补偿最多(161亿元),北京2013年最多(61.5亿元)。研究结果对加快建立完善的京津冀横向生态补偿机制有参考意义。     

大兴安岭生态沟系典型森林植被水源涵养功能的研究

本研究以黑龙江省大兴安岭地区生态沟系3种典型森林类型的持水功能特点为研究对象,应用系统论和水分平衡原理,对森林土壤物理性质、土壤蓄水能力、枯落物蓄水能力以及林冠截留量等进行比较分析。研究表明：林冠截留是林内主要的降水再分配途径,对森林的水分调蓄具有重要作用。水源涵养能力最强的为针阔混交林1259.07 t/hm2,其次为灌木林1046.23 t/hm2,最弱的为落叶松林663.56 t/hm2,针阔混交林林地有着很强的水源涵养和调节能力;灌木林对土壤结构有着良好的改善作用。本研究结果为大兴安岭地区今后开展森林水土保持功能的量化研究及造林的林型结构提供了科学依据。     

农业活动对景观格局的影响

景观格局是自然和人类共同作用的结果,并随着经济发展和人口增长,农业活动在景观格局中起着愈来愈大的作用。放牧过程导致土壤退化和生物群落的不稳定,间歇式放牧会提高物种丰富度,促进生态系统的进化;植树造林不但有利于生态恢复和重建,而且对经济建设有巨大作用,更是保护生物多样性的手段;农作物种植包括物理干扰和化学干扰过程,改变了微生物的活性,同时对土壤性质产生影响;土地整理是人为的、强制性、时效性强的一种干扰,能在短期内对生态系统及景观格局产生剧烈影响,通过调整景观结构、改善景观破碎化,改变农业土地利用结构,使得社会效益、生态效益和环境效益均有所增加     

Multi-scale use of lands providing anthropogenic resources by American Crows in an urbanizing landscape

The conversion of forests and farmlands to human settlements has negative impacts on many native species, but also provides resources that some species are able to exploit. American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), one such exploiter, create concern due to their impact as nest predators, disease hosts, and cultural harbingers of evil. We used various measures of crow abundance and resource use to determine crows’ response to features of anthropogenic landscapes in the Puget Sound region of the United States. We examined land cover and land use composition at three spatial scales: study sites (up to 208 ha), crow home ranges within sites (18.1 ha), and local land cover (400 m²). At the study site and within-site scales crow abundance was strongly correlated with land cover providing anthropogenic resources. In particular, crows were associated with the amount of ‘maintained forest’ cover, and were more likely to use grass and shrub cover than forest or bare soil cover. Although crows did not show a generalized response to an edge variable, they exhibited greater use of patchy habitat created by human settlements than of native forests. Radio-tagged territorial adults used resources within their home ranges relatively evenly, suggesting resource selection had occurred at a larger spatial scale. The land conversion pattern of new suburban and exurban settlements creates the mix of impervious surfaces and maintained vegetation that crows use, and in our study area crow populations are expected to continue to increase. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Potential for reintroduction of lake sturgeon in five northern Lake Michigan tributaries: a habitat suitability perspective

• 1. Conservation and rehabilitation efforts for lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens throughout the Great Lakes include the re‐establishment of self‐sustaining stocks in systems where they have been extirpated.
• 2. Information on the suitability of potential lake sturgeon habitat in tributaries is important for determining their capacity to support lake sturgeon stocking and to develop system‐specific rehabilitation strategies.
• 3. Geo‐referenced habitat information characterizing substrate composition, water depth, and stream gradient were applied to a life‐stage specific lake sturgeon habitat suitability index in a geographic information system to produce spatially explicit models of life‐stage specific habitat characteristics in five northern Lake Michigan tributaries from which lake sturgeon have been extirpated.
• 4. Habitat models indicated that high quality lake sturgeon spawning and staging habitat comprised 0 to 23% and 0 to 9% of the available habitat, respectively, whereas high quality juvenile lake sturgeon habitat was relatively ubiquitous throughout each river and comprised 39 to 99%.
• 5. Comparison of these data to lake sturgeon habitat availability in Lake Michigan tributaries currently supporting populations indicated that spawning and staging habitats may limit the ability of these systems to support spawning. Efforts to re‐establish lake sturgeon populations in these systems should consider the creation of spawning and staging habitat to increase reproductive and recruitment potential prior to the initiation of stocking efforts.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Allometric and ontogenetic patterns related to feeding of a neotropical fish, Satanoperca pappaterra (Perciformes, Cichlidae)

Abstract –  This study aims to analyse whether Satanoperca pappaterra changes its feeding habit throughout ontogenetic development, and whether morphological ontogenetic patterns are related to its feeding habit and food capture. We collected 258 individuals in the Cuiabá river basin (Brazil) for analyses. There was a weak relationship between diet and body size, as evidenced by size class and multivariate analyses, and niche breadth did not vary strongly during ontogenetic development. Eight morphometric variables were measured in each individual. We found an isometric relationship for mouth height and width, and for head length. We found positive allometry for snout length and body height in relation to body length, whereas this relationship for intestine length and eye diameter showed negative allometry. These results suggest that morphology and consequently diet vary weakly during ontogenetic development of S. pappaterra .     

沈阳市河流生态建设项目实施建议

近年来,因干旱少雨等自然灾害影响及人类生产活动对环境的破坏,致使一些中小河流生态功能遭到不同程度的破坏。结合沈阳市近年来河流生态建设的实施情况,从工程措施和生物措施两方面详细介绍了针对不同河流状况的生态建设措施,对今后类似工程建设提供借鉴。     

Dispersal of woody plants in forest edges and hedgerows in a Southern Swedish agricultural area: the role of site and landscape structure

The distribution of woody vegetation was studied in forest edges and hedgerows in a 28 km² southern Swedish agricultural area, characterised by species-rich edge zones. The occurrence of 21 selected woody species (taxa) was related to differences in both edge structure and landscape structure. All the species studied were represented in both edge types, but a higher frequency of animal-dispersed species was found in hedgerows.Animal dispersed species were more affected by edge width and density than wind dispersed species. A higher number of wind-dispersed species were more frequent in forest edges, in hedgerows near to forest, or with a high proportion of forest within 500 m. A clear relationship was found between the number of physically connected elements in hedgerow networks and increasing frequency of occurrence for Corylus avellana, Crataegus spp., Euonymus europaeus, and Quercus robur; which indicate the ecological significance of connectedness for certain animal dispersed species. The study supports the general principle that woody species distribution and landscape structure are linked in a positive feedback loop. The results match findings from studies in other countries and are interpreted in the context of landscape processes and the ecological characteristics of woody plant species. We emphasise the importance of understanding dispersal mechanisms of woody species for the design and improvement of edge habitats in agricultural landscapes.     

Impacts of water resource planning on regional water consumption pattern: A case study in Dunhuang Oasis,China

Water resources are critical for the existence and development of oases in endorheic basins. Thus, to enable sustainable development, it is fundamentally important to understand how to allocate and use these resources in a reasonable way. We therefore simulated and analyzed changes in water consumption pattern within the Dunhuang Oasis of China under three scenarios using a system dynamic model that corresponds to different water consumption pattern. This was done to assess the impacts of regional water resource planning (comprehensive planning of the rational use of water resource and protection of ecosystem services in the Dunhuang Basin) on water consumption pattern within the Dunhuang Oasis. The first of these, Scenario 1, is a baseline in which the status quo is maintained, while Scenario 2 incorporates the comprehensive effects of agricultural water-saving irrigation measures with an inter-basin water diversion project, and Scenario 3 focuses on ecological rehabilitation. In the baseline Scenario 1, the total water consumption within the Dunhuang Oasis increased progressively while agricultural water consumption remained extremely high and threatened overall ecological security. In contrast, Scenario 2 would decrease agricultural water consumption by almost 5.30×10⁷ m³ following the implementation of water-saving practices. The additional water allocated from an inter-basin water diversion project would play an important role in alleviating ecological strain on the oasis. Finally, in Scenario 3, the total irrigated land must be decreased to 20.6×10³ hm² by 2025 assuming that water supply for ecosystem restoration would be at least 50% of the total consumption. Although water resource planning plays a very important role in alleviating the ecological water crisis within the oasis, it is necessary to consider the suitable scale of oasis with regard to current water consumption pattern.