Study on the Nutritional-ecologic Environment of Fe,Cu,Mn,Zn and Se in Yili Summer Pasture of Xinjiang (Ⅰ)

This experiment objective was to study the Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Se five kinds of trace element contents, distribution characteristics and mutual relations in the soil-grass-water (stream) in Yili pastoral area of Xinjiang, to evaluate the trace elements nutritional-ecologic environment of Yili summer pasture in Xinjiang.At the altitudinal belt of 1400 to 2999 m of the summer pasture of the Karajon grassland (South slope) and Tangbula grassland (North slope) of Yili, Xinjiang, the samples of soil (n=75), herbage (n=75), stream water (n=75) were collected according to the altitude, to determine their contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Se for evaluating the nutritional-ecologic environment of trace elements of Yili summer pasture.The results showed that the contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn in the soil of summer pasture on average were 15 418.4, 32.6, 474.5 and 115.8 mg/kg, respectively;And 446.0, 7.8, 85.7 and 41.9 mg/kg, respectively in forage;The correlation (R²) of the contents of Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn between soil and forage were 0.43, 0.82, 0.47 and 0.72, respectively;The changes of Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn contents in the soil and forage were not significantly related with the altitude.There were no the 4 elements mentioned above in river streams, there was no Se in the soil and forage, and there was infinitesimal of Se in the river streams.It was concluded that in Yili summer pasture there were excessive Fe, suitable Zn and Mn, insufficient Cu, and more insufficient Se.     

One hundred years of population ecology: Successes,failures and the road ahead

Population ecology is the most mature of the three subdisciplines of ecology partly because it has a solid mathematical foundation and partly because it can address the primary questions of distribution and abundance with experimental protocols. Yet there is much left to do to integrate our population knowledge into community and ecosystem ecology to help address the global issues of food security and the conservation of biodiversity. Many different approaches are now being developed to bring about this integration and much more research will be necessary to decide which if any will be most useful in achieving our goals of explaining the changes we see in the distribution and abundance of animals and plants. Food web ecology would appear to be the best approach at present because it uses the detailed information of the population ecology of particular species in combination with data on consumer–resource interactions to apply to the applied problems of biodiversity conservation, food security, pest management and disease prevention. If we can use our understanding of population ecology to address the practical problems of our time in a creative way, we will benefit both the human population and the Earth's biodiversity. Much remains to be done.     

放牧生态系统草畜间供与求的动态特征

随着季节的变化,牧草生产改变着家畜食料及转化摄取食料的能力,在春、夏、秋季绵羊食物的粗蛋白质含量分别高于草地牧草的15.99%、0.43%和2.71%。在冬季两者的含量几乎相等。但粗蛋白质食入量在春季比夏、秋、冬季分别多21.98%、40.40%和352%。干物质食入量在秋季比夏、冬、春季分别多17.64%、38.33%和72.23%,从而导致冬、春两季绵羊因食物不足而体重下降。     

松嫩草原区农牧林复合系统大型土壤动物生态学研究

对松嫩草原区农牧林复合系统大型土壤动物群落的组成、空间分布、时间变化，以及与环境要素的相关关系进行了探讨。共获得大型土壤动物43类、1234只，优势类群是蚁科(Formicidae)和金龟子科(Scarabaeidae)幼虫，常见类群14类，稀有类群27类。水平分布表现出明显的不均一性，垂直分布类群数上均匀递减，个体数上表聚性明显。夏季类群数和个体数都明显多于秋季。地温对大型土壤动物影响最明显，其次是气温和降水。     

Seasonal differences in rumen bacterial flora of wild Hokkaido sika deer and partial characterization of an unknown bacterial group possibly involved in fiber digestion in winter

Rumen digesta was obtained from wild Hokkaido sika deer to compare bacterial flora between summer and winter. Bacterial flora was characterized with molecular‐based approaches and enrichment cultivation. Bacteroidetes was shown as a major phylum followed by Firmicutes, with similar proportions in both seasons. However, two phylogenetically unique groups in Bacteroidetes were found in each season: unknown group A in winter and unknown group B in summer. The ruminal abundance of unknown group A was the highest followed by Ruminococcus flavefaciens in winter. Moreover, the abundance of these two was higher in winter than in summer. In contrast, the abundance of unknown group B was higher in summer than in winter. In addition, this group showed the highest abundance in summer among the bacteria quantified. Unknown group A was successfully enriched by cultivating with oak bark and sterilized rumen fluid, particularly that from deer. Bacteria of this group were distributed in association with the solid rather than the liquid rumen fraction, and were detected as small cocci. Accordingly, unknown group A is assumed to be involved in degradation of fibrous materials. These results suggest that wild Hokkaido sika deer develop a rumen bacterial flora in response to changes in dietary conditions.     

引起笼养蛋鸡疲劳症的主要因素研究

本试验以营养因子、产蛋率、钙源、笼养生态等角度对笼养蛋鸡疲劳症进行综合研究,寻找引起笼养蛋鸡疲劳症的主要因素及减少笼养蛋鸡疲劳症的途径。     

Gut ecology, feed digestion and performance in weaned piglets fed liquid diets

Gut environment and microflora, digestibility, and performance were studied in weaned piglets in Central Vietnam fed a dry control diet (CO), a naturally fermented liquid diet (FE), and a liquid diet with inclusion of rice distiller's residue (RDR). Digesta samples were collected at the start (day 0) and at the end of experiment (day 42). Diet FE had a lower pH than diet RDR, contained more organic acids, had the lowest counts of E. coli and total coliforms (P < 0.05), and the highest counts of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (P < 0.05). Piglets fed diets FE and RDR had lower pH (P < 0.05), and higher concentrations of organic acids in the stomach, ileum and mid-colon (P < 0.05) than piglets fed diet CO. Counts of LAB in stomach and ileum were higher in animals fed diets FE and RDR than CO (P < 0.05), while the number of E. coli and total coliforms along the gastrointestinal tract was reduced. The ileal digestibility of crude protein and organic matter was improved in piglets fed diet RDR (P < 0.05) compared with piglets fed diet CO. Piglets fed diet RDR had a higher weight gain (P < 0.05) and a better feed utilization (P < 0.05) than piglets fed the other diets. The present findings support the contention that fermented diets and/or fermented feedstuffs can be used for dietary manipulation to improve gut health and animal performance.     

蓝山灰鹅生态之研究

对湖南省蓝山县的地方良种灰鹅进行了研究,测定了体重、体尺、体温、脉搏、呼吸次数、血液学参数、产蛋性能、屠宰率、羽绒产量等。经对该县不同生态环境中的灰鹅进行比较,发现山区灰鹅在体形外貌、成年体尺、体重、体温、脉搏、呼吸及血液学指数等方面与平原地区灰鹅没有明显差异,但生长发育较慢(P<0.05)、开产迟(p<0.05)、产蛋率低,但羽绒产量和孵化率皆显著高于平原地区(P<0.01和P<0.05),母鹅利用年限也较长(P<0.05)。     

中国岩溶地区农业持续发展战略问题与对策研究

我国岩溶地区存在许多发展经济的困难 ,如水土流失严重 ,石漠化加剧 ;人口过度增长 ,贫困面大 ;农耕土地质量差 ,农业生产水平低 ;半年干旱 ,地表水缺乏 ;地方交通不便 ,商品经济发展滞后 ;教育文化落后 ,科技普及困难等。同时也存在巨大潜力 ,如水热资源、生物资源、能源、矿产资源丰富 ,旅游资源独具特色 ,以及地缘优势。在制订农业发展战略目标时 ,应坚持以下原则 :可持续发展的大农业原则 ;以生态经济区域为依据、分类指导的原则 ;占有市场一定份额的大产业原则 ;国内和国际大交换原则 ;提高全民素质的大科技原则。为中国岩溶地区农业持续发展提出 5项重大建议 :加大对岩溶地区扶贫攻坚的支持力度 ,分类指导 ,着力解决特困地区、特困乡村和特困农户的脱贫问题 ;建立以林为主的生态恢复与重建示范工程 ;建立以草地畜牧业为主的资源开发利用产业化示范工程 ;适当加大政策倾斜力度 ,支持岩溶山区支柱产业发展和基础设施建设 ;将“岩溶地区农业持续发展的战略问题与对策研究”列入国家重点攻关研究项目和国家级农业发展综合示范工程项目 ,组织协同攻关