虫害对草地生态系统生物量危害损失评估

根据我国农业部统计数据,结合全国草地覆盖遥感数据,结合全国草地覆盖遥感数据,利用生态能学方法,评估了2000—2010年虫害对我国草地生态系统生物量危害损失。结果表明:11年期间全国由于虫害造成草地生物量损失约为年均230.9万t,损失量呈现先上升后下降后上升再下降的波动趋势,年份间危害差异变化很大,最高年份(2008年),损失328.5万t,占我国牧草需求量的32.8%。区域草地虫害强度排序为:中部西部东部,西部和中部共占比例高达96%;华北西北东北西南,其中内蒙古省年均损失量占全国总量的53.47%。这种特征与中国草被覆盖分布及防治科技发展程度密切相关。评估结果显示,我国草地生态系统虫害分布范围广,危害损失巨大,危害动态波动变化,应该加强对重点区域的草原虫害监测和预报,制定应对草原虫害治理策略。     

GS洛旱2号适宜生态类型区灰色布局分析

为了确定GS洛旱2号适宜推广种植区域,采用作物品种灰色布局原理与方法,对其在黄淮冬麦区的适宜生态类型区进行了研究,为大面积推广提供科学依据,并分析了品种灰色布局原理与方法的可行性。结果表明,洛旱2号适宜推广种植的区域为以宾州、长武、鹤壁、临沂、洛阳、嵩县、渭南、郑州为代表的生态类型区。作物品种灰色布局原理与方法改善了传统品种布局仅考虑产量因素的局限性,在指导大区域品种布局时更宜适用。     

2000—2020年漓江流域生态服务价值时空分异

[目的] 研究2000—2020年漓江流域生态服务价值(ESV)时空分异格局及变化规律,为优化土地利用结构和实现“双碳”目标提供空间治理方法。[方法] 基于遥感信息挖掘和地理信息分析平台,用价值核算及其动态度、敏感性分析方法评估生态服务价值,用空间自相关方法研究ESV时空格局,用地理探测方法诊断ESV分异的主导因素及驱动机制。[结果] ①漓江流域土地利用/覆盖空间异质性显著;林地、耕地面积最大,但变化平稳,建设用地增长迅速。②漓江流域生态服务价值约合3.75×10⁷元,其中林地、草地的ESV值最高,占总价值的52.44%。其变化呈先迅速增加、后缓慢减少的趋势,其中原材料生产、水土保持价值增强显著,而食物供给、水源涵养价值降低明显。③ESV总体上呈中游低值与上、下游高值的分异格局,表现为正向的空间集聚特征。[结论] 城镇扩张是漓江流域ESV时空分异及其动态变化的核心驱动,人类活动对ESV的扰动趋向增强。     

世界生态农业与研究实践综述

阐述生态农业的起源、国内外生态农业的研究与实践现状,分析国内发展生态农业中存在的主要问题,并据此提出生态农业研究和发展的建议。     

Effect of vegetation on soil water retention and storage in a semi-arid alpine forest catchment

The runoff generated from mountainous regions is recognized as the main water source for inland river basins in arid environments. Thus, the mechanisms by which catchments retain water in soils are to be understood. The water storage capacity of soil depends on its depth and capacity to retain water under gravitational drainage and evapotranspiration. The latter can be studied through soil water retention curve (SWRC), which is closely related to soil properties such as texture, bulk density, porosity, soil organic carbon content, and so on. The present study represented SWRCs using HYDRUS-1D. In the present study, we measured physical and hydraulic properties of soil samples collected from Sabina przewalskii forest (south-facing slope with highest solar radiation), shrubs (west-facing slope with medium radiation), and Picea crassifolia forest (north-facing slope with lowest radiation), and analyzed the differences in soil water storage capacity of these soil samples. Soil water content of those three vegetation covers were also measured to validate the soil water storage capacity and to analyze the relationship between soil organic matter content and soil water content. Statistical analysis showed that different vegetation covers could lead to different soil bulk densities and differences in soil water retention on the three slope aspects. Sand content, porosity, and organic carbon content of the P. crassifolia forest were relatively greater compared with those of the S. przewalskii forest and shrubs. However, silt content and soil bulk density were relatively smaller than those in the S. przewalskii forest and shrubs. In addition, there was a significant linear positive relationship between averaged soil water content and soil organic matter content (P<0.0001). However, this relationship is not significant in the P. crassifolia forest. As depicted in the SWRCs, the water storage capacity of the soil was 39.14% and 37.38% higher in the P. crassifolia forest than in the S. przewalskii forest and shrubs, respectively, at a similar soil depth.     

大连城市森林综合生态效益动态预测研究

以大连城市森林资源为研究对象,运用系统动力学原理和方法,通过动态系统仿真模型的构建,对大连城市森林生态效益动态进行了仿真。该生态效益系统模型共选取199个变量、105个常量,其中9个状态变量,27个流速变量。该模型对2005-2025年间各种生态效益的变化趋势进行仿真。仿真结果为大连城市森林规划、合理开发利用森林资源提供数据资料,为森林资源的保护和管理提供决策的依据。     

西藏“两江四河”流域生态化造林绿化模式的探讨

生态化造林绿化既是一项生态工程,也是一项社会和经济工程,既强调造林绿化对促进区域自然生态系统向良性循环方向演替的功能,也注重造林绿化对地方经社会发展和满足人们生产生活需求的贡献。依据西藏两江四河流域的自然条件和生态状况,从生态化的角度,对区域内造林绿化模式进行了探讨。     

Layout and Systematic Structure of Ecological Landscaping Forest in Shenzhen

INTRODUCTION Shenzhen is located in southern part of Guangdong province, in northern part of Jiulong peninsula. It is between 22o 26′ 59′′~22o 21′49′′ N and 113 o45′4′′ ~114o 37′21′′ E, east to Daya bay, south to Hongkong, west to Pearl River estuary, north to Dongguan and Huizhou. The area of Shenzhen is 2 020 km2 and the population in 2001 was about 4.687 million. The annual mean temperature is 22.4 oC, and the annual mean rainfall is 1 523.5~2 206.6 mm. The annual mean…     

湿地生态系统磷迁移转化机制研究进展

磷在湿地生态系统中的生物地球化学行为备受关注。湿地土壤以有机磷(OP)为主,无机磷(IP)为辅。铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)是IP的主要组分,钙镁结合态磷(Ca/Mg-P)惰性最强。OP因与土壤成分固定程度较低,更易在土壤中移动,而成为优于总磷(TP)可指示水体富营养化程度的指标。土壤酸碱度、温度、有机质含量、干湿交替和C∶N∶P是影响湿地生态系统磷生物地球化学循环过程的关键环境因素。耕地恢复为湿地后,湿地土壤TP含量基本呈升高趋势。速效磷(A-P)因对土壤理化性质的改变比较敏感,不同区域研究结果差异较大。随着退耕年限的延长,湿地土壤对磷的最大吸附量(Xm)、最大缓冲容量(MBC)和吸附常数(K)逐渐升高;但退耕初期,湿地土壤对磷的解吸率较高,可能会造成周边水域水体富营养化。     

当前农民生态道德教育的问题与对策

分析了我国农民生态道德的现状和发展农民生态道德教育的意义,在此基础上提出了进一步加强农民生态道德教育的对策.