陆地生态系统土壤呼吸研究进展

陆地土壤呼吸是碳从土壤进入大气的主要途径,与全球变化密切相关。土壤呼吸具有明显的季节和日变化动态,其季节动态与温度变化特征密切相关,还与各个地区降水量的变化趋势有关,一年中一般在7～8月份达到最高值,以后逐渐下降,从11月～翌年4月份最低且相对稳定。土壤呼吸的日变化与温度尤其是表层5～20cm地温的日变化相一致,表现为上午明显高于下午,而在早晨和傍晚时较低。不同生态系统的土壤呼吸作用存在很大的差别。一般地,森林土壤>农田土壤>草地。影响土壤呼吸的因素很多,除了土壤的通透性等物理特性和土壤微生物特征外,气温、土温、湿度、大气CO2浓度、土壤无机养分和有机质的含量与组成等都会影响土壤呼吸。大多数情况下,土壤呼吸速率是土壤一定深度地温或土壤含水量的函数。土壤呼吸随CO2浓度的升高而加强。施有机肥、N沉降和灌溉通常会使土壤呼吸增强;而施加矿质肥对土壤呼吸的影响不明显。     

Urban tree growth and their dependency on infiltration rates in structural soil and structural cells

Expanding tree canopies can be difficult to achieve in built environments because urban land is costly and urban soil inhospitable to vegetation so engineered planting systems offer a potentially valuable tool for achieving sustainable urban forests. Tree water uptake, performance and root distribution were assessed in systems of structural soil and structural cell. Structural soil relies on stone and soil, it is highly porous and designed to support tree root growth and possess pavement strength. The structural cell is made up of rigid structural units with 90% void space which is to be filled with soil. To evaluate tree performance under the conditions of fill and drain regimes in structural soil and structural cell, these two systems were subjected to three simulated infiltration rates. This study was conducted in April 2015 to April 2016 in the tropical equatorial environment of South East Asia. Infiltration rate affected both biomass accumulation and rooting depth. Species and substrate effect was significant for biomass and rooting characteristics but less prominent for transpiration. Biomass was greater for trees in structural cells, and Pouteria obovata was particularly sensitive to prolonged inundation. Rooting depth was always higher in the rapid infiltration indicating the negative effects inundation had on this parameter. Root system in the structural cell was deeper while those in the structural soil were wider. Samanea saman had better adapted to the drain and fill regimes, and this was despite Pouteria obovata being a coastal species and was expected to be flood tolerant. Species and substrate effect was weak (R² ranging from 0.20 to 0.28) but moderate drainage consistently led to higher transpiration. We conclude that structural soil and structural cell are potential solutions and provide a tool to overcome suboptimal urban growing conditions. The application of these solutions will allow for seamless integration of greenery with urban infrastructure.     

Random point sampling to detect gain and loss in tree canopy cover in response to urban densification

Urban tree canopy cover (UTC) is a simple, and common, measure of urban forest resource. Urban infill development is likely to lead to losses in UTC under private tenure, at a time when local governments are setting ambitious targets to increase UTC overall. Simple, statistically rigorous methods are required to benchmark and track change in UTC, whilst identifying which land-use types or tenures experience change.We estimated UTC in six Melbourne suburbs in 2010 and 2015 by randomly sampling 2000 points across public land, public streetscapes and private land. We were able to detect a net change in UTC of <2% over five years to a 95% level of confidence. A significant net decrease in UTC (−2.4%) was only detected in one of the six suburbs. Two suburbs had a net increase in UTC by +2.7% over five years. On private land, there was often areas of UTC loss, but this was generally offset by canopy gain in other areas of the private realm as well as in streetscapes and public land. Losses in UTC on private land were mainly due to tree removal, with or without subsequent construction works.This study describes a simple, but statistically rigorous, method to quantify UTC change and the drivers of change in different land-use types and tenure. Despite studying two suburbs will high rates of infill development, only one suburb showed evidence of net UTC decrease. The ‘dynamic equilibrium’ in UTC, whereby canopy losses area approximately offset by concurrent canopy gain, means that ambitious targets being set by local governments to increase UTC may be difficult to achieve without changes in tree protection and infill development policy and planning.     

中国森林生态系统碳平衡研究

森林生态系统是陆地生态系统的主体, 它不仅具有改善和维护区域生态环境的功能, 而且在全球碳平衡中起着巨大的作用, 充分发挥森林的固碳能力关系到能否降低大气CO₂浓度和抑制全球变暖趋势。文中就我国森林生态系统固碳功能和碳储量的研究进行了概括, 并对未来森林生态系统碳循环研究提出一些看法。     

浅议生物多样性与森林生态系统生产力的关系

生物多样性与生态系统生产力之间的关系是目前生态学界的热点问题。文中结合森林生态系统自身的特点, 针对生物多样性和森林生态系统生产力2个不同概念, 阐述了现有的生物多样性和生产力关系的若干观点, 分析了现有观点中的争议点, 并在前人实验研究的基础上, 提出了森林生态系统中其他因素对两者关系的影响。     

MODIS数据及其在森林防火中的应用

MODIS是美国地球观测系统(EOS)装在Terra和Aqua卫星以及后继卫星上的中分辨率成像光谱仪, 具有数据获取快、信息丰富和覆盖范围广等优点。近年来, 随着信息化的快速发展和网络规模的日益扩大, MODIS用户数量不断增加, 应用领域也更加广泛。文中对MODIS数据的来源、特性及其利用情况做了简要介绍, 在火情监测方面的应用进行了拓展, 并对其在森林防火方面的应用前景进行了分析。     

人工林在生物多样性保护中的作用

综述了近年来世界人工林的发展动态以及人工林在生物多样性保护方面的最新研究进展; 从人工林与乡土森林的比较中, 表明了多数情况下人工林支持的物种多样性并不少于乡土森林植被, 同时表明了人工林已经成为一些稀有、濒危物种的重要庇护所和替代生境, 在很大程度上支持了人工林并不是生物多样性〝沙漠〞的观点; 分析了影响人工林生物多样性的因素及保护人工林生物多样性的途径。     

林火与气候变化研究进展

火是全球大多森林生态系统中的一个重要干扰因子, 它对大气中的温室气体和气溶胶的增加有显著影响。林火与气候变化是当前林火研究领域的热点问题。文中综述了气候变化对林火的影响和林火排放物对气候变化的影响。大量研究表明, 气候变化将导致森林火险期延长, 出现潜在极端火行为的天数增多, 森林火灾更加严重, 特别是北方森林火灾增加显著。未来的研究趋势是, 采用卫星遥感数据在大尺度上研究气候变化对林火的影响, 把林火模型与气候模式和全球植被动力学模型耦合, 构建更为复杂的林火排放模型, 以深入揭示林火与气候变化的关系。     

新西兰国有林管理体制改革及其对中国的启示

介绍了新西兰国有林管理体制改革的背景、改革内容、林业企业发展中存在的问题与挑战以及对中国的启示, 期望能够推动中国国有林管理体制改革, 促进林业可持续发展。     

Challenges in developing and implementing a decision support systems (ETÇAP) in forest management planning: a case study in Honaz and Ibradı, Turkey

Decision support systems (DSSs) are indispensable tools in preparing a forest management plan for a better combination of multiple forest values. This study attempted to develop and explain a stand-based forest management DSS (Ecosystem-based multiple-use forest planning [ETÇAP]) comprising a traditional simulation, linear programming (LP), metaheuristics and geographic information system. The model consists of five submodels; traditional management approach to handle inventory data, an empirical growth and yield model, a simulation to conceptualize management actions, a LP technique to optimize resource allocation and a simulated annealing approach to directly create a spatially feasible harvest schedule. The ETÇAP model has been implemented in a comparative two case study areas; Denizli–Honaz and Akseki–Ibrad?. Both simulation and optimization models outperformed to the traditional management plan. The periodical change of growing stock, allowable cuts, carbon sequestration and water production are used as performance indicators. The results showed that more amount of wood could be harvested over time compared to traditional level of harvesting. It could be concluded that various management strategies allowed managers to stimulate more decision options for better outputs through intertemporal trade-offs of management interventions as the model provided tools to quantify forest dynamics over time and space. Challenges exist to establish the functional relationships between forest structure and values for better quantification and integration into the management plans.