美国红鱼珠蛋白链的分离及其α-和β-珠蛋白基因的克隆

通过含Triton X-100的酸性聚丙烯酰胺电泳法从美国红鱼(Sciaenopes ocellatus)血液中分离到4条β-珠蛋白链和2条α-珠蛋白链,其中β和β链是主要β-珠蛋白链,α链是主要α-珠蛋白链。美国红鱼α-珠蛋白基因cDNA开放读码框由435个核苷酸组成,编码144个氨基酸的多肽。与大黄鱼α-珠蛋白一样,美国红鱼α-珠蛋白在C与E螺旋间隔区也插入了一个独特的甘氨酸残基。美国红鱼β1-珠蛋白基因cDNA开放读码框由447个核苷酸组成,编码148个氨基酸的多肽。美国红鱼α-和β-珠蛋白基因拥有典型的珠蛋白基因结构,由3个外显子组成,中间间隔着2个内含子。美国红鱼β2-珠蛋白基因内含子1有一段TTA重复序列,此序列插入可能使内含子原有的功能发生改变或丧失。     

切流-横轴流玉米脱粒系统改进设计及台架试验

对玉米脱粒过程的研究,理论分析与数学建模存在着理想假设的局限性,整机田间试验受制于系统结构、环境条件而不能深入测试分析。为便于室内研究玉米脱粒过程,以4YL-4/5型收获机脱粒系统为参照,设计了切流-横轴流脱粒试验系统,结构设计模块化,可根据需要更换脱粒滚筒等关键零部件或调整技术参数,以便兼顾开展多种谷物脱粒试验研究。工作参数标定表明,试验台架可满足最高37 k W的工作负载,满足滚筒线速度为0~29.06 m/s、喂入量为0~8.08kg/s的谷物脱粒试验。在入口脱粒间隙为36 mm,出口间隙为12 mm,喂入量为2.6 kg/s的条件下,切流滚筒采用螺旋柱齿结构、横轴流滚筒采用柱齿-板齿结构形式,以不同的横轴流滚筒线速度为测试速度,对含水率在22%~32%的玉米果穗进行脱粒试验,试验表明:切流滚筒的脱粒物质量占比随着含水率的增加而减弱,当含水率在28%以下,切流滚筒与横轴流滚筒脱粒筛分段的脱粒能力几乎相当,当含水率高于28%,切流滚筒的脱粒物质量占比下降明显。脱粒系统在线速度15.84~18.72 m/s和含水率为22%~26%的条件下,籽粒破碎率指标满足国标规定值≤5%。在滚筒线速度为17.28 m/s、含水率为24%~26%区间内,脱粒系统的籽粒破碎率最低,平均值为1.7%。通过脱粒试验台,将玉米脱粒过程的试验研究与田间测试有效结合,可为玉米籽粒收获机脱粒系统的设计提供科学依据。     

莱克多巴胺单克隆抗体的研制及阻断ELISA检测方法的建立

用混合酸酐法将莱克多巴胺(RAC)偶联于牛血清白蛋白(BSA),合成免疫原BSA-RAC,并用紫外和凝胶电泳鉴定;用BSA-RAC免疫Balb/C小鼠,细胞融合技术建立抗RAC单克隆抗体(mAb)杂交瘤细胞株,体内诱生腹水法制备RAC mAb。应用RAC mAb研制RAC残留快速检测阻断ELISA试剂盒(RAC-Kit),并测定其性能。结果表明,BSA-RAC偶联成功,分子结合比为1∶24.5;筛选出3株杂交瘤细胞,其中最好的4D8株的亲和常数Ka为1.65×1010L/mol。RAC-Kit的标准曲线呈典型的S型,符合4参数logit曲线拟合,线性范围为1~170μg/L,灵敏度为0.52μg/L,检测限为1μg/L,饲料样、猪尿样的平均添加回收率分别为91.1%和89.2%,平均批内和批间变异系数<15%,与多巴酚丁胺的交叉反应率为22.3%,与其他化合物无交叉反应,RAC-Kit在4℃可保存180d。     

弓齿滚筒式割前脱粒装置的试验研究

本文在对比各种滚简式割前脱粒装置特点的基础上,选择、试验了不加气吸的下脱式弓齿滚筒脱粒装置。试验表明,本装置对霜前、霜后较难脱的粳稻均有较强的脱粒能力,总损失在2％以上,功率比较特别低,为0.83～1.12HP/kg/s,为传统型脱粒装置的1/5.5,轴流型的1/10,夹持半喂入型的1/3.6。它的主要缺点是断穗率过高,并且在茎杆中央带小量穗头。文章对试验重复次数的合理选择,从置信区间的角度进行了探讨,认为以5次为宜,代替了通常的3次。     

Tissue‐print and squash real‐time PCR for direct detection of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ species in citrus plants and psyllid vectors

Huanglongbing (HLB) disease is seriously threatening and/or damaging the citrus industry worldwide. Accurate detection of the three species associated with HLB disease, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter africanus’ and ‘Candidatus Liberibacter americanus’, is essential for the preventive control of the disease. Real‐time PCR is a useful tool for bacterial detection. However, nucleic acid purification steps limit the number of samples that can be processed by PCR. Universal detection of ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ species was achieved by direct tissue‐printing and spotting of plant leaf petiole extracts or squashing of individual psyllids onto paper or nylon membranes. Primers were designed and used with TaqMan chemistry for accurate detection of the bacterium in immobilized targets (prints of 10 overlapping leaf pedicels per tree, or squashed single vectors), by extraction with water and direct use for real‐time PCR. This simplified method was validated and could detect HLB‐liberibacters in 100% of leaves with symptoms and 59% of symptomless leaves collected from HLB‐infected trees. The use of direct assays as template showed good agreement with use of purified DNA (κ = 0·76 ± 0·052). The squash assay allowed detection of the bacterium in 40% of mature Diaphorina citri that fed on leaves of HLB‐infected trees with or without symptoms. A commercial ready‐made kit based on this technology showed 96% accuracy in intra‐laboratory performance studies. The simplified direct methods of sample preparation presented herein can be effectively adopted for use in rapid screening of HLB agents in extensive surveys, certification schemes or for epidemiological and research studies.     

纵轴流脱粒分离装置功耗分析与试验

为准确获取纵轴流脱粒分离装置在水稻脱粒中的功耗特性,借助扭矩传感器、信号采集卡及工控机测控系统在纵轴流滚筒转速为850 r/min、钉齿间距为100 mm、脱粒间隙为25 mm、草谷比为2.6、喂入量为7 kg/s条件下,于室内台架上进行了水稻脱粒功耗测定试验.通过对水稻脱粒过程中功耗特性的分析,提取水稻脱粒的瞬间功耗,得知钉齿纵轴流滚筒的空载功耗为10.93 kW、脱粒功耗为36.94 kW、机械效率为69.62％.采用单因素试验对影响钉齿纵轴流滚筒总功耗及籽粒损失率(夹带损失率和未脱净损失率)的齿间距、脱离间隙、滚筒转速、草谷比及喂入量进行室内台架试验研究,分析了单个因素对钉齿纵轴流滚筒总功耗和籽粒损失率的影响情况.     

Analysis of environment-recruitment associations for a coastal red drum population reveals consistent link between year class strength and early shifts in nearshore winds

The identification of factors contributing to strong year classes of marine fishes has been a constant goal toward a mechanistic understanding of recruitment variability. Here, we explored a 26-year time series of the abundance of early juvenile red drum along the North Carolina coast to identify environmental features associated with variable recruitment success. The study location was near the northern edge of the species latitudinal range, and we hypothesized that consistent environmental forcing would be linked to the formation of strong red drum year classes. Patterns of variability in seasonal environmental features were disaggregated into multiple forms of temporal periodicity and analyzed using generalized additive models. We also contrasted patterns of environmental variation that occurred during the strongest recruitment events with those coinciding with the weakest red drum year classes. The early shift, during August, to favorable wind conditions was the most consistent environmental feature associated with red drum recruitment success. The combined duration and magnitude of N and NE winds during August of strong recruitment years was nearly double the level observed during weak recruitment years. Elevated nearshore sea surface temperatures early in the spawning season were also found to occur during years that produced strong year classes. Coastal productivity, indexed using chlorophyll a concentration, was positively associated with red drum recruitment, but also highlighted the need for more spatially resolved productivity data. Our findings highlight the importance of environment-recruitment linkages for marine fishes, especially near distributional boundaries where conditions to promote year class success can be brief.