大豆抗旱育种中选择指标和标记的研究现状

介绍并分析了大豆抗旱育种从形态学、生理学到分子生物学发展过程中的各种选择指标和标记应用状况。表明随着研究的不断深入,在形态学标记的基础上,产生了一批有效的生理生化标记,并且随着分子生物学的发展,探索与大豆抗旱紧密相关的分子标记工作正在进行中,已在实际育种工作中得到一定的应用。     

抗旱保水剂对小麦和杨树生长的持效性研究

研究了抗旱保水剂对小麦和杨树的持续效应,结果表明,保水剂具有保持和提高土壤含水量的作用,能够促进小麦根系和植株生长,使千粒质量增加0.8～5.2 g,当季小麦增产18.9%,第二季增产8.9%;保水剂使杨树的3年胸径比对照增加40%～66%,株高和树冠也显著高于对照。     

寒地玉米幼苗早发增产技术研究

以玉米品种吉单517为试材,于2010年在黑龙江省半干旱地区进行了玉米幼苗早发抗旱增产技术的研究.结果表明:各处理生育期均较对照提前2 d,分别增产10.7%、6.7%、12.5%、4.9%、5.5%、4.5%,其中,磷酸二铵水处理、磷酸二铵+活化剂水处理与对照产量差异达极显著水平,效果显著.     

沙地杨树低产林改造与经营技术

在赤峰市红山区城郊林场采用机械开沟整地,并组装配套抗旱造林技术进行了沙地杨树低产林改造与经营技术研究。结果表明：造林成活率一般为95%以上,做到一次成林。造林后10年,杨树平均树高达到10 m以上,平均胸径达到14 cm以上,并通过合理施肥,杨树平均树高净增加0.68~1.24 m,平均胸径净增加1.31~2.09 cm。因此,选用适宜的杨树品种,同时进行农林复合经营、以耕代抚,改造沙地杨树低产林能够取得预期效果。     

植物抗旱基因工程研究进展

综述了植物耐旱的生理机制、调控途径、耐旱相关调控蛋白和基因等方面的研究成果,提出抗旱育种工作中抗旱评价指标的选择可根据植物的特点、研究目的来确定,也可采用单因素与多因素进行对比综合分析来确定,指出今后抗旱育种工作重点仍为探索植物抗旱机制方面。     

Effect of Soil Drying Intensity During an Experimental Drying-Rewetting Event on Nutrient Transformation and Microbial Community Composition

Soil drying-rewetting(DRW) events affect nutrient transformation and microbial community composition; however, little is known about the influence of drying intensity during the DRW events. Therefore, we analyzed soil nutrient composition and microbial communities with exposure to various drying intensities during an experimental drying-rewetting event, using a silt loam from a grassland of northern China, where the semi-arid climate exposes soils to a wide range of moisture conditions, and grasslands account for over 40% of the nation's land area. We also conducted a sterilization experiment to examine the contribution of soil microbes to nutrient pulses. Soil drying-rewetting decreased carbon(C) mineralization by 9%–27%. Both monosaccharide and mineral nitrogen(N) contents increased with higher drying intensities(drying to ≤ 10% gravimetric water content), with the increases being 204% and 110% with the highest drying intensity(drying to 2% gravimetric water content), respectively, whereas labile phosphorus(P)only increased(by 105%) with the highest drying intensity. Moreover, levels of microbial biomass C and N and dissolved organic N decreased with increasing drying intensity and were correlated with increases in dissolved organic C and mineral N, respectively,whereas the increases in labile P were not consistent with reductions in microbial biomass P. The sterilization experiment results indicated that microbes were primarily responsible for the C and N pulses, whereas non-microbial factors were the main contributors to the labile P pulses. Phospholipid fatty acid analysis indicated that soil microbes were highly resistant to drying-rewetting events and that drought-resistant groups were probably responsible for nutrient transformation. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that moderate soil drying during drying-rewetting events could improve the mineralization of N, but not P, and that different mechanisms were responsible for the C, N, and P pulses observed during drying-rewetting events.     

植物抗旱生理研究进展与育种

植物在干旱胁迫下的生理代谢变化一直是抗旱生理的研究热点。植物为适应和抵御干旱环境所形成的形态特征和生理特性以及生理变化机制是一个复杂的系统。通过对部分抗旱生理生化研究进展的归纳和总结,主要从3个方面提出植物在干旱胁迫下的主要生理反应和生化变化指标。并通过比较分析,综述了在干旱胁迫下植物生理生化方面的反应和变化规律。从而为抗旱种质的鉴定、筛选和抗旱生理育种提供参考。     

辽西地区抗旱造林综合技术应用

辽西地区属典型的低山丘陵半干旱区,年平均降水量只有500mm左右,气候干旱,土壤瘠薄,农业生态环境恶化。抗旱造林技术始终是辽西干旱地区提高造林成活率的重要措施。经过多年的实践,本文详细总结了辽西地区干旱条件下几种抗旱造林技术,为其他同类地区抗旱造林提供技术依据。     

13个玉米品种资源萌发期耐旱性鉴定与筛选

为筛选适合干旱条件下种植的耐旱品种,用高渗溶液PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫,以清水为对照,对13个玉米品种进行发芽培养试验,检测同一干旱胁迫条件下不同玉米品种资源的种子萌发率,测定萌发幼苗的芽长、根长、须根数等生长量指标,计算抗旱系数,进行供试玉米品种的抗旱性综合评价。结果测试及分析结果认为,参试的13份玉米品种中,抗旱性较强的品种是鑫禾528,其次为珍棒511和中科玉509。     

亚麻品种抗旱性评价研究

亚麻是我国干旱冷凉地区用其它油料作物不能替代的主要油料作物和主要的经济作物,加强抗旱性鉴定研究在亚麻抗旱育种中有着十分重要的作用.本文利用水、旱地分组亚麻品种比较试验中对15个品种的11个性状测定资料,通过对水、旱地各性状进行成对数据差异显著性测定、抗旱系数及抗旱指教评价,对亚麻抗旱性进行研究,结果表明:亚麻的性状在水、旱栽培条件下表现差异较大,水、旱地闻除每果着粒差异t测验不显著外,其它性状间差异t测验都达到了极显著水平;当以水地条件选育的陇亚7号为对照品种,用抗旱指教法评价15个分供试亚麻品种的抗旱能力时,本站旱作条件下选育的13个品种有10个抗旱能力评价为"好",3个为"较好"和"中",而其它两个水地或阴湿环境选育的品种被评价为"中"和"差".得出了与多年亚麻育种实践经验十分吻合的抗旱能力结果,启发我们在育种基础阶段就采用此法进行亚麻抗旱能力测定.