Salinity tolerance of wild barley Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum

Salinity tolerance of 47 wild barley genotypes and six barley cultivars was evaluated under control and salinity stress (300 mM NaCl) conditions. Shoot and root dry weight (DW), plant height, membrane stability index (MSI), relative water content, survival rate, leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline contents, root and leaf Na, K, Ca and K/Na ratio, and chlorophyll a fluorescence were measured. Salinity stress caused significant increase in the MDA, proline content, Na and Ca concentrations of the roots and leaves, but resulted in a decrease in the other traits. H. spontaneum genotypes were considerably less affected by the salinity than the genotypes of H. vulgare. Plant survivability was negatively correlated with the Na concentration (r =−.66) but positively correlated with the leaf K/Na ratio (r = .67) and MSI (r = .68). Tolerance mechanisms such as ion exclusion (Na) were likely to be present in the wild barley causing K/Na homeostasis as well as the much lower root and shoot Na, resulting in the higher survival rate.     

中国工业大麻种业创新发展策略研究

工业大麻是重要的经济作物,中国是工业大麻生产和出口大国。然而,工业大麻种业发展滞后对我国工业大麻高质量发展提出严峻挑战的问题。本研究采用实地调研和文献综述的方法,分析了当前国内工业大麻种业的发展态势和存在的问题,探讨我国工业大麻种业创新发展路径。研究表明,我国工业大麻种业构建了全国行业标准和地方法律规范相结合的政策保障体系,推动了育种创新主体由公益性科研院所向企业转变,创建了以多用途为特色的育种技术体系,形成了良种区域化的种植格局和技术服务体系,奠定了该产业创新发展的基础。但缺乏国家层面或跨区域协同的工业大麻法规体系、育种繁种技术资源分散和低效率共存、面临国外种业知识产权布局先发优势挑战、商业化育种体系不完善等问题成为主要障碍。因此,提出了加快完善政策保障体系、培育多元育种体系、打造生产经营体系、构建国际合作体系,以期提升工业大麻种业创新发展能力。     

Shortening the generation cycle in faba bean (Vicia faba) by application of cytokinin and cold stress to assist speed breeding

The aim of this study was to reduce the length of the breeding cycle for faba bean by accelerating seed setting. We examined the mode and time of exogenous 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (cytokinin) application, and cold treatments and their combinations in two faba bean genotypes. Acropetal node number of pod and seed set and pollen viability were recorded during the experiments. Application of BAP improved pollen germination. The application of 10^–5 M BAP 4 days after flowering increased seed set at the lower nodes. Cold treatment (8/4°C day/night for 2 days) after the onset of flowering induced the formation of more pods and faster pod set compared to the non-cold treatment. The time to first seed was significantly reduced, and pollen viability was increased in plants exposed to cold treatment. Increased pollen viability also showed a significant positive correlation with seed setting. The combinations of 10^–5 BAP and cold treatment together had similar and independent effects. These results will accelerate plant breeding in faba bean by providing additional tools for reducing generation time.     

An efficient method to produce segregating populations in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)

Quinoa offers a promising alternative for staple food, considering its outstanding nutritional value and tolerance to abiotic stresses. To develop breeding programmes in quinoa, a reliable crossing method for increasing the genetic variation is required. In the following study, we aimed to develop segregating populations in quinoa. We tested the efficiency of three different crossing methods (hand emasculation, warm water emasculation and no emasculation). Moreover we developed a two-stage selection strategy based on morphological traits and molecular markers for the selection of hybrid plants. We reported hand emasculation to be the most efficient crossing method, followed by warm water emasculation and no emasculation. Our results demonstrated that crosses in quinoa can be successfully performed, despite its complicated flower structure and high self-pollination rate. Additionally, we developed 30 segregating populations from crosses between accessions of different origins with varying phylogenetic relationship, which offers a promising perspective for quinoa breeding programmes in the future.     

小麦骨干亲本‘鲁麦14’的育种价值分析

为更加科学地开展小麦理论研究和提高育种成效,对‘鲁麦14’的构思设计与创制思路、突出特点和以‘鲁麦14’为亲本选育出的品种进行了系统分析。从2001年到2018年,中国科学院、中国农科院、中国农业大学和山东、江苏、河北、安徽、河南、山西、陕西、新疆、贵州、天津9省1市的89家科研单位和育种企业,以‘鲁麦14’为亲本直接育成品种39个、间接育成品种92个,这些品种通过9省2市166次审（认）定和36次国家审定。‘鲁麦14’作为新一代骨干亲本,为全国的小麦生产和育种工作做出了突出贡献。     

矾根主要品种的叶色表型性状分析

通过目测进行分类的方式很难准确界定矾根品种叶色。为建立一套更为科学的基于叶色表型的矾根品种分类体系,笔者利用色差仪对72个矾根品种共计432个样品的叶色进行测定,对获得的L、a、b 3个色度值进行聚类分析,将72个矾根品种分为褐色系、深绿色系、黄色系、灰绿色系、浅绿色系5类色系。对矾根品种各色系的L、a、b值进行相关性分析,发现叶片正面的L值与a值、a值与b值呈负相关,L值与b值呈正相关,但相关性不明显;叶片背面的L值与a值、a值与b值呈负相关,L值与b值呈显著正相关。从多重比较的结果中可以看出,矾根品种各色系之间的L、a、b色度值差异显著,尤其是各色系间叶正面的颜色差异较大,在矾根品种选育工作中,叶片正面的颜色将作为主要参考。     

新疆春小麦育成品种遗传演变分析

【目的】研究新疆春小麦育成品种遗传演变规律,提高小麦资源的利用效率,为新疆春小麦品种选育和改良提供参考依据。【方法】以新疆春小麦育成品种为材料,对其主要性状进行综合评价分析,以春小麦90K芯片开展新疆春小麦育成种亲缘关系分析。【结果】新疆春小麦育成种遗传多样性丰富,平均遗传多样性指数2.005,变幅为1.902~2.181。相关性分析结果表明,蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、穗粒数与育种年代呈极显著正相关。新疆春小麦品种选育主要是通过常规杂交育种、杂交辐射诱变育种、引种3种方式。利用小麦90K芯片将新疆春小麦育成种划分为3个类群,显示了各品种之间的亲缘关系。【结论】新疆春小麦育种遗传基础薄弱、遗传多样性逐渐散失,新疆小麦育种应加强资源收集与利用,扩大育种亲本选择,提高品种变异的丰度和广度,以多抗、高产稳产、优质高效的聚合育种,加快新品种选育进程,提高育种效率。     

2001—2017年我国优质杂交稻推广应用现状

对2001—2017年中国年推广面积大于0.67万hm²的优质杂交稻品种信息进行了统计分析,主要结果如下:(1)2001—2017年,优质杂交稻组合数大幅增加,从2001年的19个组合、推广面积123.2万hm²增加到2017年的214个组合、推广面积706.2万hm²,所占比例也由不足10%提高到60%;(2)年推广面积达到或超过0.67万hm²的优质两系和三系组合数分别为133和382个,累计推广面积分别达到2 565.9万hm²和5 375.0万hm²;(3)主推组合的整精米率、直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、垩白率和垩白度等理化指标得到大幅改善;(4)种业公司更加注重优质两系组合的选育和推广,而省级及以上育种单位在三系组合选育方面更具优势;(5)生产中大面积应用的优质两系不育系有Y58S、广占63S、广占63-4S等,三系不育系有中9A、宜香1A、天丰A等,扬稻6号、广恢998、蜀恢527、华占等则是优质组合的骨干恢复系。还分析了当前品质育种存在的问题,提出了稻米品质改良策略。该研究结果可为优质杂交稻的选育和推广提供借鉴。     

富含胡萝卜素鲜食型甘薯新品种广薯72的选育

【目的】选育优质抗病鲜食型甘薯新品种。【方法】选用杂交不亲和88-70群、广适、抗病、优质高产品种广薯87作母本,以杂交不亲和D群、食用品质优、高胡萝卜素的品种广薯79作父本,定向组配杂交组合,经过实生苗选种后,开展复选、品比和广东省区域试验,进行适应性及抗病性鉴定评价。【结果】选育出新品种广薯72,在省区试中,平均每667 m~2鲜、干薯产量分别为2 350.0、672.9 kg,比对照种广薯111增产21.6%和24.4%,增产均达极显著水平;薯块干物率为28.7%,淀粉含量为19.7%,鲜薯胡萝卜素含量达81 mg/kg,蒸熟食用粉香甜、薯味浓,口感好,食味80～85分;大田薯瘟抗性鉴定为中抗,室内薯瘟病抗性鉴定为抗病。【结论】广薯72为富含胡萝卜素的鲜食型特色甘薯品种,优质、高产、适应性广,商品价值突出、适口性好,有利于促进甘薯生产,提高甘薯种植的社会经济效益。2016年通过广东省农作物品种审定。     

广东省农业科学院常规水稻育种 60 年：成就与展望

常规水稻是广东省水稻的优势和特色,有着辉煌的发展历史,1959年矮化育种的成功引领了农业发展史上的第一次绿色革命。广东省农业科学院率先在全国开展优质稻、超级稻育种,常规水稻育种技术水平在全国处于领先地位,先后育成了广场矮、珍珠矮、广陆矮4号、广解9号、双竹占、青二矮、窄叶青8号、桂朝2号、双桂1号、双桂36、特青2号、珍桂矮1号、七山占、特三矮2号、粤香占、黄华占等23个种植面积超千万亩的常规水稻品种;建立了水稻生态育种理论科学体系,以株型塑造为核心,提出丛化育种、半矮秆早长超高产育种、组群筛选法等育种技术,并取得了丰硕成果,为广东乃至全国粮食生产作出了突出贡献。未来将开展以保障粮食安全、改良食味品质及以满足多元化消费需求为目标的高产稳产、香型丝苗、功能营养及绿色高效的水稻新品种选育研究,发展现代水稻育种理论,应用新技术提高品种选育效率。广东水稻科研在老一辈科学家创造辉煌历史的基础上,当代水稻科研工作者对常规水稻育种肩负着传承与发展的历史使命。