云南农村环境污染分区分类创新体系研究

指出了云南省有非常复杂的气候条件,农村环境污染的治理面临着巨大的挑战。主要以农村环境的污染为主题,分别将气候特征、污染特性、环境风险相类似的农村进行同类处理,提出了两级分区(四个一级区和三个二级区)一级分类(五种类型)的云南农村环境污染分区分类治理体系,结果表明:该体系的分区结果可以为云南农村环境污染控制决策提供参考,使农村污染的治理将更加具有针对性。     

长春市大气环境质量分析及污染防治对策探讨

以长春市2015~2017年大气环境监测数据为依据,对大气环境质量状况及变化趋势进行了分析。针对长春市煤烟型污染、秸秆露天焚烧污染、重点工业企业污染、机动车排放污染和城市扬尘污染等问题提出了防治措施。以加快秸秆综合利用项目的开展,同时大力推广散煤清洁化治理工作,对改善长春市大气质量具有重要意义。     

饮用水的水质污染对人的危害

饮用水的质量,是人们普遍关心的问题。饮用水受到各种污染后,对人的危害是不容忽视的。本文就国内外饮用水的水质污染对人体造成的危害进行了综述。     

石油降解菌筛选及应用研究

从石油污染土壤中分离到一株新的石油降解菌,对该石油降解菌进行了鉴定,经16SrDNA测序鉴定并结合生理生化实验结果确定其为阴沟肠杆菌.该菌可以将石油作为唯一碳源进行生长代谢,实验结果表明:在菌株投加量为1％ 时降解效果最佳,降解率可达到26.41％.     

新疆喀纳斯景区表层土壤磁学特征及环境意义

为探究环境磁学方法在景区土壤污染监测中的可行性,以新疆5A级景区喀纳斯为研究区域,采集表层土壤样品72个,并对其进行系统的环境磁学分析。结果表明:喀纳斯景区土壤磁性矿物平均含量较高,磁学矿物主要由亚铁磁性矿物构成,并含有少量的不完全反铁磁性矿物。磁晶颗粒主要为粗颗粒多畴,同时存在较少的超顺磁颗粒。磁参数空间分布表明,磁性矿物含量参数(χLF、SIRM、SOFT、HIRM)在湖口旅游区表现出高值,新村、老村和旅游接待地呈现相对低值;其他参数(χFD%、S-ratio、SIRM/χLF)空间分布规律与含量磁性参数基本呈相反趋势;研究区的磁性高值点分布与景区人类活动密集区、建筑物及道路的分布具有一致性;湖口旅游区较高的磁性值主要与较强的自然成土作用有关,其他区域的磁性高值点主要受旅游活动的影响。因此,借助土壤磁学方法能够有效区分和圈定景区土壤人为污染范围,为景区土壤污染防治和旅游规划提供参考依据。     

张家口市区环境空气质量现状及其发展对策初探

空气质量状况如何，不仅影响到人们的生活质量，同时也影响到当地经济的发展。为了更进一步探讨张家口市区环境质量状况及其发展，从市环保局监测站了解到，张家口市区空气质量污染程度严重，主要污染物是降尘、总悬浮颗粒物及燃煤、化工企业及车辆排放的有毒有害气体。因此，要达到城市环境的可持续发展，就必须加强生态建设，搞好城市绿化，从根本上改善空气质量。     

林地重金属污染来源解析

森林对维持生态系统平衡和物种多样性以及净化环境起着重要作用。然而近年我国第1次全国土壤污染状况调查研究表明,我国林地土壤污染超标率高达10%,其中主要污染物为重金属砷、镉等。但目前针对森林生态系统污染的研究相对较少,特别是针对森林生态系统重金属的来源及其特征的综述性报道更少。文中总结了森林生态系统重金属的主要来源,包括大气沉降、工业活动和交通运输、施肥和污泥林用、矿山开采等; 讨论了重金属对森林生态系统所产生的危害。旨在揭示重金属进入林地的途径和污染过程及其危害,为合理保护森林生态提供科学依据,也为林地土壤环境质量管理提供参考。     

Dynamic riparian buffer widths from potential non-point source pollution areas in forested watersheds

Efforts to manage National Forests in the USA for wood production, while protecting water quality, are currently constrained by models that do not address the temporal dynamics of variable non-point source (NPS) areas. NPS areas are diffuse sources of contaminants contributed mostly by runoff as a result of different land use activities. Riparian vegetative buffers are often used to control contaminants from NPS areas but defining suitable widths require different policy considerations. In this study, the approach for defining suitable buffer widths is to apply a distributed process-based model that predicts potential NPS areas prone to generating runoff in relation to overland flow distances. A case study of the concept was applied to the 72 km² Pete King watershed located in the Clearwater National Forest (CNF) in central Idaho, USA. This grid modeling approach is based on a Geographic Information System (GIS) and it integrates the soil moisture routing (SMR) model with probabilistic analysis. The SMR model is a daily water balance model that simulates the hydrology of forested watersheds using real or stochastically generated climate data, a digital elevation model, soil, and land use data. The probabilistic analysis incorporates the variability of soil depth and accounts for uncertainties associated with the prediction of NPS areas using Monte Carlo simulation. A 1-year simulation for the case study location was performed to examine the spatial and temporal changes in NPS areas prone to generating runoff. The results of the simulation indicate that the seasonal variability of saturated areas determines the spatial dynamics of the potential NPS pollution. Use of this model for the design of riparian buffer widths would increase the effectiveness of decision-making in forest management and planning by mapping or delineating NPS areas likely to transport contaminants to perennial surface water bodies.     

硫酸盐草浆黑液制粉状活性炭的研究

本文探讨硫酸盐草浆纸厂黑液的治理和利用,提出用酸化法从黑液中沉析木素制取粉状活性炭。大约生产10t草浆可制取1t优质粉状活性炭。同时还含有占总碱量24%的Na_2S可回收。排出的废液即使不再经过处理,其污染程度也已大大降低。     

Implications of crude oil pollution on natural regeneration of plant species in an oil-producing community in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

The study evaluated the impact of crude oil pollution on natural regeneration of plant species in a major oil-producing community in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Three sites—unpolluted site(US), polluted and untreated site(PUS), and polluted and treated site(PTS)—were purposively chosen for the study. The seedling emergence method was used to evaluate soil seed banks in the various sites at two depths, 0 to 10 cm and 10 to 20 cm. Woody-plant species richness, abundance, and diversity were higher in the US seed bank than in the PUS and PTS seed banks. The highest number of non-woody plants was observed in the US, followed by the PTS, and then the PUS. Both species richness and diversity of non-woody plants were highest at the US, followed by the PUS, and lowest in the PTS. Woody species in the US seed bank were 87.5% and 80% dissimilar with those of the PUS and PTS at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm respectively. No variation was observed between woody species in the PUS and PTS seed banks. Non-woody species at 0-10 cm US seed bank were 73.08% dissimilar with those of PUS at the two soil depths and 81.48/88.46% dissimilar with those of the 0–10/10–20 cm of the PTS respectively. At 10–20 cm, non-woody species of the US were 69.66% dissimilar with those from each of the two soil depths in PUS; and 73.91/81.82% dissimilar with those of 0–10/10–20 cm of the PTS respectively. Non-woody species variation between the PUS and PTS was higher at 10–20 cm than 0–10 cm. The poor seed bank attributes at the polluted sites demonstrates that crude oil pollution negatively affected the natural regeneration potential of the native flora because soil seed banks serve as the building blocks for plant succession. Thorough remediation and enrichment planting are recommended to support the recovery process of vegetation in the polluted areas.