瑞丽山龙眼幼苗光合特性研究

使用Li-6400XT便携式光合仪测定高黎贡山南段2种环境(野外、大棚)下生长的我国特有种植物瑞丽山龙眼幼苗的光合特性,结果表明:(1)2种环境下生长的幼苗净光合速率(PN)日变化出现"双峰"曲线,有"午休"现象,但峰值出现的时刻与大小不同,野外幼苗在10:00、16:00出现高峰值,分别为4.608、2.118μmol/(m~2·s),大棚幼苗在11:00、15:00出现2个高峰值,分别为4.102、3.982μmol/(m~2·s);蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)变化趋势与净光合速率变化趋势一致,也有"午休"现象;水分利用率(WUE)无明显变化规律;胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)与净光合速率日变化相反。(2)净光合速率与环境因子偏相关性分析表明,环境因子:光合有效辐射(PAR)、大气CO_2浓度(Ca)、空气温度(Ta)、相对湿度(RH)对幼苗PN值影响均为:PARCaTaRH;(3)两地幼苗光饱和点(LSP)均较高,野外为2 674.995μmol/(m~2·s)、大棚幼苗为2 228.754μmol/(m~2·s),光补偿点(LCP)分别为38.250、8.322μmol/(m~2·s)。     

Intestinal Microbiota in Large Yellow Croaker,Larimichthys crocea,at Different Ages

The polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE) of 16S ribosomal RNA gene was used to investigate bacterial communities in the intestines of large yellow croaker at six different ages (12 d, 18 d, 26 d, 40 d, 3 mo, and 1 yr old) as well as within the corresponding feed and culture water. In addition, Illumina Miseq sequencing was utilized to compare intestinal microbiota between 12‐d‐old and 1‐yr‐old individuals. PCR‐DGGE results revealed that the culture water had the highest bacterial diversity, followed by the feed, while the intestines had the lowest diversity. The intestinal microbiota at six ages changed severely; however, the change did not follow any trend. The large yellow croaker intestines harbored specific bacterial communities that differed from those in both feed and water. Illumina Miseq sequencing results revealed that the diversity of intestinal bacteria in 12‐d‐old fish was higher than that in 1‐yr‐old fish, and the bacterial composition differed significantly between them. γ‐Proteobacteria and Pseudoalteromonas supplied the most abundant phylum and genus in the 12‐d‐old fish intestine. However, in the 1‐yr‐old fish intestine, Firmicutes and Clostridium were the most dominant, respectively. The study may contribute to a better understanding of gut microbiota and dynamics of the large yellow croaker and the relationship with their surrounding environment.     

不同年代大丽轮枝菌菌株的生物学特性和ISSR分析

 为了探究不同年代的大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae Kleb.)菌株生物学特性和遗传多样性方面的差异,本文以我国黄河流域和长江流域主产棉区6个省的不同年代大丽轮枝菌菌株为研究对象,观察培养性状,测定致病类型(致病力、落叶型),同时采用ISSR指纹图谱分析其遗传多样性。结果显示,不同年代大丽轮枝菌之间菌丝生长速率无显著差异,但菌核型菌株所占比例有减少趋势;2007~2009年和2017年的菌株全部为落叶型菌株,而1983~2000年的菌株中落叶型菌株仅占28.6%,表明随着年代的推移,黄河流域和长江流域的落叶型菌株所占比例呈上升趋势;不同年代菌株之间致病力存在显著差异,1983~2000年、2007~2009年和2017年的菌株中强致病力类型菌株分别占21.4%、25.0%和38.9%,仅有的5株弱致病力类型菌株均为1983~2000年的菌株;与2000年后的菌株相比,1983~2000年的菌株,Nei′s基因多样性指数为0.205 1,Shannon信息指数为0.299 0,表现出更丰富的多样性,利用NTSYS软件和Structure软件对ISSR指纹图谱进行聚类分析,两种方法均将所有供试菌株分为4个类群,且聚类结果与致病力和不同年代之间均具有一定的相关性,与地理来源无明显相关性。本研究结果表明,过去30年间我国黄河流域和长江流域棉田黄萎病菌落叶型和强致病力类型菌株所占比例逐渐升高,且不同年代和不同致病力的菌株在遗传上有差异,为进一步探究大丽轮枝菌的遗传与进化奠定了基础。     

Pharmacokinetics of Enrofloxacin and Its Metabolite Ciprofloxacin after Intramuscular Administration of Enrofloxacin in Goats

The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin were investigated in goats after a single intramuscular administration of enrofloxacin at 2.5 mg/kg body weight. The plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were determined simultaneously by a HPLC method. The peak concentrations (C _max) of enrofloxacin (1.13 g/ml) and ciprofloxacin (0.24 g/ml) were observed at 0.8 and 1.2 h, respectively. The elimination half-life (t _1/2), volume of distribution (V _d(area)), total body clearance (Cl_B) and mean residence time (MRT) of enrofloxacin were 0.74 h, 1.42 L/kg, 1329 ml/h per kg and 1.54 h, respectively. The t _1/2, area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) and the MRT of ciprofloxacin were 1.38 h, 0.74 g h/ml and 2.73 h, respectively. The metabolic conversion of enrofloxacin to ciprofloxacin was appreciable (36%) and the sum of the plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin was maintained at or above 0.1 g/ml for up to 4 h. Enrofloxacin appears to be useful for the treatment of goat diseases associated with pathogens sensitive to this drug.     

中大尺度下橡胶园土壤全氮和有机质含量的空间分布特征

应用传统统计学和地统计学方法,对海南省国营阳江农场的农场尺度和队尺度数据进行分析.结果表明,全氮和有机质的变异系数范围为13.79%～28.24%,均属中等变异强度,且随着研究尺度的缩小,变异系数随之减少.半方差分析结果表明:2个研究尺度下,全氮和有机质均在一定范围内存在空间相关性,尺度越大,变程越大;全氮和有机质变异主要受地形、土壤类型、施肥等因素的影响,Kriging插值图均表现出明显不同的分布规律.     

不同覆盖方式下的西瓜地养分对比研究

对不同覆盖方式下的西瓜地土壤养分进行了对比研究。结果表明:地面增加覆盖物后可以减轻耕层的含盐量使盐分由上层转移到下层,而灌水能使土壤容重增加,其中抑盐效果最好的是地膜覆盖,其次是砂田+地膜覆盖、砂石覆盖次之;在无灌溉水的条件下,养分利用率依次是砂石+地膜覆盖砂石覆盖地膜覆盖,并且0～20cm和20～40cm土层土壤碱解氮和全氮含量最高的覆盖方式是地膜覆盖,最低的是砂石+地膜覆盖。因此,在干旱地区推广发展砂石+地膜覆盖并适当增施肥料,有助于增产增收,保持干旱地区农业的持续发展。     

Impact of novel endophytes in perennial ryegrass on herbage production and insect pests from pastures under dairy cow grazing in northern New Zealand

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) infected with a novel endophyte (AR37 or AR1), Wild‐type endophyte or no endophyte (Nil) was sown with white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in autumn 2005. The pastures were rotationally grazed by dairy cows from 2005–2009. Annual dry matter (DM) yield did not differ but AR37 pastures had a higher ryegrass tiller density, especially after the 2008 summer drought (+130%), and less white clover than did AR1 pastures. Concentrations of alkaloids produced by the Wild‐type association (lolitrem B, ergovaline) followed the same seasonal trends as did the AR37 alkaloids (epoxy‐janthitrems) but summer drought reduced concentrations of lolitrem B and epoxy‐janthitrems to less than half the mid‐summer (February) peak concentrations in the other years. Insect pests were monitored annually between 2006 and 2009. Tiller damage by Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel)) was significantly reduced by all endophyte treatments. African black beetle (Heteronychus arator (F.)) populations in soil samples increased during the experiment with Nil > AR1 > Wild‐type = AR37. Root aphid (Aploneura lentisci (Pass.)) infestations followed the pattern AR1 > Nil > Wild‐type = AR37. A lower pest pressure from all insect pests in AR37 pastures is likely to have contributed to this treatment having the highest ryegrass tiller densities.     

外源氮素形态及水平对紫花苜蓿幼苗各部位氮含量的影响

在完全营养液条件下,采用砂培法,研究了2种氮素形态(NO-3-N,NH+4-N)和5个氮素水平(0、105、210、315、420mg/L)对紫花苜蓿品种"甘农3号"和"陇东苜蓿"幼苗各部位氮含量的影响。结果表明:施氮处理下各部位NO-3-N含量、NH+4-N含量和全氮含量均显著高于CK(P0.05)。"甘农3号"和"陇东苜蓿"2个品种的各部位氮含量变化一致,均随施氮水平的升高呈先增加后降低的趋势,但峰值表现不一。同一氮素形态及水平下,不同部位NO-3-N、NH+4-N及全氮含量表现为:叶根茎。"甘农3号"在NO-3-210处理下叶、茎、根中NO-3-N含量最优,分别为490,385和463μg/g;"陇东苜蓿"分别为473,355和447μg/g。"甘农3号"在NH+4-210处理下叶、茎、根中NH+4-N含量最优,分别为212,182和194μg/g;"陇东苜蓿"茎和根中含量分别为177μg/g、178μg/g,叶却在NH+4-315处理最大,为189μg/g。"甘农3号"在NH+4-315处理下叶、茎、根中全氮含量最优,分别为4.25%,1.7%和3.47%;"陇东苜蓿"叶和根中含量分别为4.01%、3.08%,茎却在NH+4-210处理最大,为2.33%。对于同一部位除"陇东苜蓿"茎全氮含量高于"甘农3号"外,其他部位的NO-3-N、NH+4-N和全氮含量均表现为"甘农3号"优于"陇东苜蓿"。     

mRNA差异显示技术、PCR技术及其在动物营养研究中的运用

21世纪将是生命科学的世纪。当前,世界各国都将分子生物学纳入本国科技发展的重点。分子生物学技术的迅速发展为营养科学探索必需营养缺陷的分子基础提供了强有力的实验工具。本文旨在对mRNA差异显示技术、PCR技术等两种最常用的生物技术手段的原理、特点及其在动物营养研究中的应用作一综述。