棉铃虫抗溴氰菊酯品系选育、生化机理及遗传方式研究

用溴氰菊酯选育抗性水平中等的河北冀县棉铃虫,经5代4次筛选获得一抗性品系(Del—R),抗性倍数由筛选前F_1代的52.8倍上升到筛选后F_5代的585.9倍(与1983年东台敏感品系相比)。利用此抗性品系进行增效剂(PBo、TPP、DEF)的活体增效作用测定和离体的酶活力研究,无论是对田间品系还是实验室选育的抗性品系,PBo对多功能氧化酶(MFO)的抑制作用是明显的,增效比从3.0—16.5不等,DEF、TPP的增效比分别为2.7和1.0。Del—R品系的多功能氧化酶环氧化活力(AE)是敏感品系的1.5倍,而Del—R品系的酯酶活力是敏感品系的1.01倍,因此多功能氧化酶活力增强是棉铃虫对溴氰菊酯产生抗性的原因之一,酯酶和羧酸酯酶在棉铃虫对溴氰菊酯的抗性中无多大作用。采用剂量对数-死亡机率值(LD—P线)分析法,将棉铃虫对溴氰菊酯的抗性品系和室内培育的敏感品系进行正交、反交和回交试验,得到的抗性遗传研究结果表明,棉铃虫对溴氰菊酯的抗性为常染色体多基因不完全显性遗传。     

Hyper-susceptibility to deltamethrin in para DDT resistant Drosophila melanogaster

The extensively studied para gene encodes a α-subunit of the voltage-activated sodium channel in Drosophila melanogaster, which is the documented target site of DDT and pyrethroid insecticides. The para^ts-1 fruit fly line carries a recessive sex-linked insecticide-resistance trait (para^ts-1 allele) that has been defined on the basis of the behavioral phenotype of temperature-sensitive paralysis. We have determined that para^ts-1 confers hyper-susceptibility to deltamethrin in addition to the previously annotated resistance to DDT, revealing the presence of negative cross-resistance. We investigated the potential use of negative cross-resistance shifting para^ts-1 gene frequencies in D. melanogaster populations. After five generations of selection, the para^ts-1 allele, respectively, became more or less frequent whether Drosophila populations were selected with DDT or deltamethrin.     

两种亚致死剂量的农药对亚洲玉米螟化学通讯系统的干扰作用

采用胸部点滴法研究马拉硫磷、溴氰菊酯在亚致死剂量(100h-LD30)下对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis雌蛾性信息素通讯系统的干扰作用。试验结果表明：①点滴当天雌蛾的求偶百分率分别下降为对照的50％、33％，但求偶高峰期出现的时间未受影响。②点滴这两种药剂后求偶百分率的恢复过程相当缓慢。③亚致死剂量的马拉硫磷使性信息素的量下降1／2左右，亚致死剂量的溴氰菊酯使性信息素量下降为不足对照的1／4，但性信息素顺反异构体比例均不受影响。④马拉硫磷点滴后第4天性信息素量能完全恢复，但溴氰菊酯点滴后，到第4天仍几乎不能恢复。     

溴氰菊酯乳油急性中毒原因分析

溴氰菊酯乳油急性中毒除与溴氰菊酯本身毒性有关外．还可能与该乳油中有机溶剂二甲苯有关。     

化学防治对马尾松林蜘蛛群落结构的影响的研究

１９９５年７月至１９９６年６月在湖南长沙县马尾松林内用溴氰菊酯和灭幼脲ＩＩ号作的喷药试验．结果表明：两种药剂对蜘蛛群落的物种组成和个体水平有明显影响，对物种数量影响不大．在试验过程中，其多样性水平有一定程度上升，防治效果显著的样地内群落稳定性改善．同时，两种药剂对灌木层亚群落影响要大于对林冠层的影响；在生产管理上，灭幼脲ＩＩ号可用于防治常灾区，而溴氰菊酯只宜在重灾区内集中施用．     

Biodegradation potential of aquaculture chemotherapeutants in marine sediments

The commercial chemotherapeutant formulations SLICE^® and AlphaMax^® [active ingredients emamectin benzoate (EB) and deltamethrin respectively] are used in fin fish aquaculture to control parasitic sea lice. In some regions, the use of these substances has drawn concern from the commercial fishing industry regarding potential adverse effects on non‐target organisms. In the present work, biodegradation of EB and deltamethrin, and their commercial formulations, was investigated over 135 days at 4 and 10°C in fresh marine sediments collected from underneath an active open net‐pen salmon farm. EB incubated as either pure substance or commercial formulation was recalcitrant at both temperatures under abiotic and biotic conditions. Deltamethrin incubated alone or as its commercial formulation degraded slowly at 10°C (t_1/2 = 330 ± 107 and 201 ± 27.1 days respectively). At 4°C, deltamethrin degradation was only significant following incubation as commercial formulation (t_1/2 = 285 ±112 days). Degradation rates of EB and deltamethrin as pure substances versus their commercial formulations were not statistically different. Depletion of deltamethrin was observed in 10°C inactive sediments indicating that transformation occurred (at least in part) via an abiotic pathway. Overall, these data provide further insight into the fate and persistence of EB from the ongoing use of SLICE^® in British Columbia's salmon aquaculture industry. AlphaMax^® is not registered in Canada but is used in other salmon farming countries to control sea lice.     

棉铃虫CYP9G5基因的克隆、序列分析及溴氰菊酯胁迫表达

细胞色素P450是超基因家族,属于生物体内重要三大解毒酶系之一,参与内源物和外源物的合成与氧化代谢。本文通过棉铃虫溴氰菊酯短期胁迫转录组数据分析,克隆获得一条P450基因CYP9G5（GenBank：KM016757.1）,编码493个氨基酸,分子量约为57.930 kDa,理论等电点pI 7.16。通过实时荧光定量技术,分析CYP9G5基因在棉铃虫不同组织和溴氰菊酯处理后表达量的变化,发现CYP9G5在头部表达量最高,经过溴氰菊酯处理后CYP9G5表达量也显著升高。推测出CYP9G5极有可能参与棉铃虫对溴氰菊酯的代谢,可能对棉铃虫的耐药性有一定的作用。本研究为进一步探索棉铃虫的抗药性和新农药的开发奠定了基础。     

诃子及其炮制品对CCl4诱导小鼠肝损伤的保护作用

将120只小鼠随机分为空白组、四氯化碳(CCl_4)组、联苯双酯(DDB)组及低、中、高3个剂量(1.0、2.0、4.0 g/kg)的原药诃子、白狼毒制诃子和茜草制诃子组,共12个组,每组10只。给药7 d后,腹腔注射10 m L/kgCCl_4油溶液,建立小鼠肝损伤模型,检测各组血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活力,肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH–Px)活力,观察肝脏组织学结构变化。研究结果显示,诃子不同炮制品可减少CCl_4所引起的小鼠肝损伤,显著降低血清ALT、AST活力,提高肝脏SOD、GSH–Px活力,并对肝细胞有一定保护作用;药效表现由强到弱依次为茜草制诃子、白狼毒制诃子、生药诃子,且高剂量的效果优于低剂量。以茜草制诃子高剂量组4.0 g/kg效果最为理想,其作用机制可能与抗氧化性有关。     

施过碳酰胺对土壤中有机污染物的降解作用

采用生物土培试验方法,研究了土壤中施入新型氮肥(过碳酰胺)后对三氯联苯(PCB3)和2,7二羟基萘(DHN)的降解作用。结果表明,新型氮肥对土壤中PCB3和DHN具有不同的降解作用,并且延长降解时间,新型氮肥对PCB3和DHN的降解率逐渐增加。20 d后的土样中PCB3和DHN降解率分别为28%和50%,由此说明相同试验条件下,新型氮肥对DHN的降解率高。加入不同浓度的Fe~(2+)离子,PCB3和DHN的降解率明显提高,Fe~(2+)具有很好的催化作用,PCB3和DHN在土壤中的降解率分别达到51.51%和82.16%。     

New asperxanthone and asperbiphenyl from the marine fungus Aspergillus sp

BACKGROUND: Marine fungi are of great importance as potential sources of agricultural pesticide leads. To continue work on new and biologically active metabolites from marine fungi, culture extracts of selected isolates were screened for inhibitory activity against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), a typical member of the tobamovirus group of plant viruses. RESULTS: A new difuranxanthone, asperxanthone (1), and a new biphenyl, asperbiphenyl (2), as well as seven known unsaturated fatty acid glycerol esters, were isolated from a selected marine fungus, identified as Aspergillus sp. (MF-93), collected in the Quan-Zhou Gulf. Two-dimensional NMR methods and FAB-MS established the structures of the new compounds. Among the compounds, 1 and 2 showed moderate activity (inhibitory rates 62.9 and 35.5% respectively) in inhibiting multiplication of TMV, higher than that of the other seven known lipids but much lower than that of the extract at the identical concentration of 0.2 mg mL(-1). CONCLUSION: Two new compounds, asperxanthone and asperbiphenyl, were identified as active components from Aspergillus sp. (MF-93).