辛硫磷和溴氰菊酯混配对神经细胞钠通道的抑制

应用膜片钳技术，以MN-9D神经细胞为材料，研究了溴氰菊酯及辛硫磷混剂的增效机理，试验表明，10^-5mol/L辛硫磷对Na^2 通道电流抑制作用很小，并随作用时间延长而逐步恢复，加药1min,Na^ 电流抑制率为6.99%,10min为3.65%,10^-6mol/L溴氰菊酯1min抑制率为20.28%,10min为21.43%，10^-6mol/L溴氰菊酯与10^-5mol/L辛硫磷混剂1min抑制率为34.15%,10min为36.69%，因此，混剂可增强对Na^ 通道电流的抑制作用，通过Na^ 电流数据尾电流衰减时间常数统计分析表明，溴氰菊酯的修饰作用主要发生在关闭和静止状态的Na^ 通道，减缓通道的打开，延长通道关闭或失活状态。     

中华稻蝗田间种群对马拉硫磷和溴氰菊酯的敏感性及其毒理机制的研究

采用生物和生化测定方法,研究了3个中华稻蝗种群对马拉硫磷和溴氰菊酯的敏感性及相关酶系的作用。生物测定结果表明,汉中种群对马拉硫磷和溴氰菊酯的LD50值均最高,临猗种群次之,繁峙种群最低。繁峙和汉中种群对溴氰菊酯比对马拉硫磷敏感,临猗种群则相反。结合生物测定结果和各种群的防治背景,认为杀虫剂的选择压力是引起这3个种群对杀虫剂敏感性差异的主要原因。在无杀虫剂选择压力的作用下,抗性会逐渐消退。生化测定结果表明,汉中种群的酯酶活性最高,繁峙种群次之,临猗种群最低。当以α-NA为底物时,汉中种群酯酶活性分别是临猗和繁峙种群的2.54和1.57倍;当以α-NB为底物时,汉中种群酯酶活性分别是临猗和繁峙种群的1.61和1.53倍;当以β-NA为底物时,汉中种群酯酶活性分别是临猗和繁峙种群的1.84和1.59倍。繁峙种群的谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性最高,临猗和汉中种群的谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性相近。此外,繁峙种群的乙酰胆碱酯酶活性最高,临猗种群次之,汉中种群最低。3种氧化型有机磷抑制剂对3个种群乙酰胆碱酯酶体外抑制结果表明,用对氧磷作为抑制剂时,汉中种群的双分子速率常数ki值比临猗和繁峙种群分别降低了7.20和8.50倍;当以氧化毒死蜱作为抑制剂时,汉中种群的ki值比临猗和繁峙种群分别降低了1.21和1.77倍;当以甲基内吸磷为抑制剂时,汉中种群的ki值比临猗和繁峙种群分别降低了7.91和13.43倍。从生物测定和生化测定的结果可以推断,酯酶活性的提高和乙酰胆碱酯酶对抑制剂的敏感性降低是引起3个种群对杀虫剂敏感性差异的主要原因,而谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的变化是次要原因。     

Persistence of deltamethrin against Hylobius abietis on Norway spruce seedlings

Abstract

The pine weevil Hylobius abietis L. is major threat to forest regeneration in the Nordic countries. The persistence of the deltamethrin insecticide used against pine weevil on Norway spruce seedlings was studied after the seedlings were dipped or sprayed. Insecticide application was timed to occur either before or after frozen storage. Bioassays with the stems of Norway spruce seedlings were used to determine the effect of the insecticide against feeding by the pine weevil. The measures of the control effect were reduction in area of gnawed bark and the state of health of the pine weevils. The concentration of deltamethrin decreased rapidly in seedlings, especially after spraying treatment, which did not efficiently protect seedlings against the pine weevil 6 weeks after planting. There were no signs of degradation of deltamethrin or of an effect on seedling height after frozen storage. In bioassay, the amount of deltamethrin that efficiently prevented feeding by the pine weevil was 5.5 µg g^?1 fresh weight. After one growing season in the field, about 1.76–2.24 µg g^?1 (13–15% of the initial level) of dipped deltamethrin remained in the seedlings. In seedlings treated by spraying, 0.93–0.98 µg g^?1 (7–8% of the initial level) of the deltamethrin remained. According to bioassays, these amounts were no longer sufficient to protect seedlings from feeding by the pine weevil. Therefore, in the first summer, dipping was a significantly more efficient method of application for control of pine weevils.     

棉铃虫抗溴氰菊酯品系选育、生化机理及遗传方式研究

用溴氰菊酯选育抗性水平中等的河北冀县棉铃虫,经5代4次筛选获得一抗性品系(Del—R),抗性倍数由筛选前F_1代的52.8倍上升到筛选后F_5代的585.9倍(与1983年东台敏感品系相比)。利用此抗性品系进行增效剂(PBo、TPP、DEF)的活体增效作用测定和离体的酶活力研究,无论是对田间品系还是实验室选育的抗性品系,PBo对多功能氧化酶(MFO)的抑制作用是明显的,增效比从3.0—16.5不等,DEF、TPP的增效比分别为2.7和1.0。Del—R品系的多功能氧化酶环氧化活力(AE)是敏感品系的1.5倍,而Del—R品系的酯酶活力是敏感品系的1.01倍,因此多功能氧化酶活力增强是棉铃虫对溴氰菊酯产生抗性的原因之一,酯酶和羧酸酯酶在棉铃虫对溴氰菊酯的抗性中无多大作用。采用剂量对数-死亡机率值(LD—P线)分析法,将棉铃虫对溴氰菊酯的抗性品系和室内培育的敏感品系进行正交、反交和回交试验,得到的抗性遗传研究结果表明,棉铃虫对溴氰菊酯的抗性为常染色体多基因不完全显性遗传。     

Hyper-susceptibility to deltamethrin in para DDT resistant Drosophila melanogaster

The extensively studied para gene encodes a α-subunit of the voltage-activated sodium channel in Drosophila melanogaster, which is the documented target site of DDT and pyrethroid insecticides. The para^ts-1 fruit fly line carries a recessive sex-linked insecticide-resistance trait (para^ts-1 allele) that has been defined on the basis of the behavioral phenotype of temperature-sensitive paralysis. We have determined that para^ts-1 confers hyper-susceptibility to deltamethrin in addition to the previously annotated resistance to DDT, revealing the presence of negative cross-resistance. We investigated the potential use of negative cross-resistance shifting para^ts-1 gene frequencies in D. melanogaster populations. After five generations of selection, the para^ts-1 allele, respectively, became more or less frequent whether Drosophila populations were selected with DDT or deltamethrin.     

两种亚致死剂量的农药对亚洲玉米螟化学通讯系统的干扰作用

采用胸部点滴法研究马拉硫磷、溴氰菊酯在亚致死剂量(100h-LD30)下对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis雌蛾性信息素通讯系统的干扰作用。试验结果表明：①点滴当天雌蛾的求偶百分率分别下降为对照的50％、33％，但求偶高峰期出现的时间未受影响。②点滴这两种药剂后求偶百分率的恢复过程相当缓慢。③亚致死剂量的马拉硫磷使性信息素的量下降1／2左右，亚致死剂量的溴氰菊酯使性信息素量下降为不足对照的1／4，但性信息素顺反异构体比例均不受影响。④马拉硫磷点滴后第4天性信息素量能完全恢复，但溴氰菊酯点滴后，到第4天仍几乎不能恢复。     

溴氰菊酯乳油急性中毒原因分析

溴氰菊酯乳油急性中毒除与溴氰菊酯本身毒性有关外．还可能与该乳油中有机溶剂二甲苯有关。     

Toxico‐kinetics,recovery efficiency and microsomal changes following administration of deltamethrin to black Bengal goats

A study of the toxico‐kinetics, recovery percentage from different substrates, cytotoxicity and role of cytochrome P₄₅₀ and b₅ of liver microsome in the metabolism of deltamethrin were carried out in female black Bengal goat. The ALD₅₀ value of deltamethrin in goat by intravenous route lies between 0.2 and 0.6 mg kg^?1. Intravenous disposition kinetics using a dose of 0.2 mg kg^?1 showed that the maximum blood concentration of deltamethrin was recorded at 0.5 min, followed by rapid decline, and a minimum concentration was detected at 6 min after administration. The following values were obtained : Vd_area 0.148 (± 0.02) litre kg^?1; t_1/2 (α) 0.22 (± 0.02) min; t_1/2 (β) 2.17 (± 0.37) min; K_el 1.05 (± 0.24) min^?1; AUC 4.30(± 0.45) µg min ml^?1; Cl_B 0.05 (± 0.006) litre kg^?1 min^?1; T～B 1.93 (± 0.58); fc 0.40(± 0.05). After 10 min, liver retained the maximum residue, and heart, adrenal gland, kidney, spleen, fat and brain also held the insecticide; liver, fat, heart and spleen retained residue after 30 min, and bone, liver and fat retained residue after 60 min of intravenous administration. Oral absorption of deltamethrin was poor and inconsistent, and approximately 65% of administered dose was recovered from faeces and gastrointestinal contents. The excretion of deltamethrin through urine was meagre, and only 0.01 and 0.013% of the administered dose was recovered after 3 and 5 days of oral administration respectively. All the tissues retained the residue after 3 days; while fat, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, large and small intestine and bone retained the residue after 5 days of oral administration; and the percentage recoveries were 1.73 and 0.027 respectively. Deltamethrin reduced the level of cytochrome P₄₅₀ content of liver microsomal pellet of goat after 5 days of oral administration. Histopathological examination of liver, kidney, heart, spleen brain and lung sections of treated goats did not reveal any pathological changes. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

化学防治对马尾松林蜘蛛群落结构的影响的研究

１９９５年７月至１９９６年６月在湖南长沙县马尾松林内用溴氰菊酯和灭幼脲ＩＩ号作的喷药试验．结果表明：两种药剂对蜘蛛群落的物种组成和个体水平有明显影响，对物种数量影响不大．在试验过程中，其多样性水平有一定程度上升，防治效果显著的样地内群落稳定性改善．同时，两种药剂对灌木层亚群落影响要大于对林冠层的影响；在生产管理上，灭幼脲ＩＩ号可用于防治常灾区，而溴氰菊酯只宜在重灾区内集中施用．     

Biodegradation potential of aquaculture chemotherapeutants in marine sediments

The commercial chemotherapeutant formulations SLICE^® and AlphaMax^® [active ingredients emamectin benzoate (EB) and deltamethrin respectively] are used in fin fish aquaculture to control parasitic sea lice. In some regions, the use of these substances has drawn concern from the commercial fishing industry regarding potential adverse effects on non‐target organisms. In the present work, biodegradation of EB and deltamethrin, and their commercial formulations, was investigated over 135 days at 4 and 10°C in fresh marine sediments collected from underneath an active open net‐pen salmon farm. EB incubated as either pure substance or commercial formulation was recalcitrant at both temperatures under abiotic and biotic conditions. Deltamethrin incubated alone or as its commercial formulation degraded slowly at 10°C (t_1/2 = 330 ± 107 and 201 ± 27.1 days respectively). At 4°C, deltamethrin degradation was only significant following incubation as commercial formulation (t_1/2 = 285 ±112 days). Degradation rates of EB and deltamethrin as pure substances versus their commercial formulations were not statistically different. Depletion of deltamethrin was observed in 10°C inactive sediments indicating that transformation occurred (at least in part) via an abiotic pathway. Overall, these data provide further insight into the fate and persistence of EB from the ongoing use of SLICE^® in British Columbia's salmon aquaculture industry. AlphaMax^® is not registered in Canada but is used in other salmon farming countries to control sea lice.