Soil properties and their spatial pattern in an oasis on the lower reaches of the Tarim River, northwest China

In this study, classical, geostatistical methods and a geographical information system have been used to identify soil properties including soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (total N), salt content (SC) and soil moisture (SM), and their spatial variation as well as their relationships with groundwater, land use, and soil texture. The data came from 36 soil samples from 0 to 20 cm depth, and 36 groundwater samples in the Tikanlik Oasis on the lower reaches of the Tarim River, northwest China. The objective was to provide a scientific basis for understanding the heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of soil properties on a large scale with the goal of accelerating the sustainable development of agriculture in the oasis. The results showed that the SC and SM of the surface soil varied greatly, but the SOC and total N varied very little. A possible reason for the low variability of SOC and total N was the relatively consistent human activities within the typical agricultural oasis with more than 75% land used as cropland and orchards, because there was no significant effect of land use types on soil total N and SOC. Geostatistical analysis and the kriging estimator showed that SC and SM had a strong spatial autocorrelation. One-way ANOVA and LSD suggested that land use was the main structural indicator that resulted in the spatial autocorrelation of SC and SM within the 0-20 cm soil depth through its significant differences in soil texture, irrigation and groundwater. In particular, croplands and orchards had significantly higher SM, silt and clay particle percentages and lower SC compared to other land uses due to regular irrigation. Additionally, irrigation could effectively relieve the degree of the hazard from soil salt and soil water stress in cropland.     

Bt伴孢晶体毒素对不同时期中华卵索线虫的毒力

采用不同浓度的10株Bt伴孢晶体蛋白分别作用于中华卵索线虫受精卵及各期幼虫,探讨该类Bt蛋白对多种农林害虫天敌中华卵索线虫的安全性。结果表明:S1-1、S1-4、S3-2、S3-3、S7-1、S7-6和S8-1等7个菌株同时表达cry1Ac和cry5基因,S1-8、S2-1和HD-1等3个菌株只表达cry1Ac基因。含Cry5蛋白的菌株对线虫卵表现出一定的杀灭毒性,其中S1-4菌株的毒力最强,LD50作用24、48和72h时分别为0.1503、0.1313和0.0182μg/mL。而Bt伴孢晶体蛋白对感染期幼线虫和寄生后期幼线虫无明显致死效应;经Bt处理的感染期幼线虫对棉铃虫的感染率及平均感染强度与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05),寄生后期幼线虫能正常蜕皮和交配产卵。将含上述浓度Bt蛋白的棉花叶片喂食已感染线虫的棉铃虫,线虫能够正常发育并从宿主体内脱出。     

循环水养殖中水动力特性对鱼类影响的研究进展

水产养殖业在我国拥有重要的地位。在过去50多年间,以中国为代表的水产养殖业的发展速度已超过全球人口增速,全球已经有39个国家和地区的水产养殖产量超过了捕捞产量,中国则以水产养殖产量占渔业总产量的73%位列第一[1-2]。随着经济的发展和养殖规模的不断提升,养殖业出现了生产方式落后、效率低下、养殖环境污染、水域生态破坏、病害频发等一系列亟待解决的问题[3-4]。     

理想株型优质水稻恢复系华恢451的选育及应用

华恢451是湖南亚华种业科学研究院用"明恢63/Lemont"的F_5代株系作母本与先恢207杂交选育而成的水稻新恢复系.该恢复系株叶型理想,株型紧凑,剑叶直立,呈凹形,分蘖力中等,穗大粒多,颖尖无色,恢复力强,配合力好,品质优良,中感稻瘟病,抗高温能力强,耐寒性好.所配组合产量高,米质优,其中华优451、K优451、亚华优451、H28优451先后通过了省或国家品种审定;H28优451被评为湖南省2等优质米品种,三香优451和Q优451被评为湖南省3等优质米品种,K优451、亚华优451区试中米质均达到国标3级优质稻谷标准,应用前景广阔.     

振动超微粉碎对毛竹笋干物化特性的影响

为研究毛竹笋粉碎后作为食品辅料的可行性,该研究以毛竹笋干为原料,通过高频振动超微粉碎处理,研究振动超微粉碎技术对毛竹笋干物理化学特性的影响,为竹笋超微粉的应用提供理论参考。结果表明:毛竹笋干粗粉经振动研磨30、60 min后可获得平均粒径约为18.67和10.35μm的超微粉,所得超微粉色泽更均匀,更白亮;2种超微粉的休止角和滑角均变大,松装密度由0.372 g/mL减小到0.273和0.255 g/mL,振实密度无显著变化,压缩度增大近1倍;2种超微粉的持水力、持油力有不同程度减小,溶胀度减小,但溶胀速度大幅增加,平均粒径10.35μm的超微粉粉在15 min时溶胀度可达3.63 mL/g,而平均粒径为298μm的竹笋粗粉仅0.97 mL/g。     

Inhibition of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 through α2 adrenergic receptors at peripheral nerve terminals relieves pain

The activation of α₂ adrenergic receptors contributes to analgesia not only in the central nervous system but also in the peripheral nervous system. We reported that noradrenaline inhibits the activity of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) evoked by capsaicin through α₂ receptors in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. However, it is unclear whether activation of TRPV1 expressed in peripheral nerve terminals is inhibited by α₂ receptors and whether this phenomenon contributes to analgesia. Therefore, we examined effects of clonidine, an α₂ receptor agonist, on several types of nociceptive behaviors, which may be caused by TRPV1 activity, and subtypes of α₂ receptors expressed with TRPV1 in primary sensory neurons in rats. Capsaicin injected into hind paws evoked nociceptive behaviors and clonidine preinjected into the same site inhibited capsaicin-evoked responses. This inhibition was not observed when clonidine was injected into the contralateral hind paws. Preinjection of clonidine into the plantar surface of ipsilateral, but not contralateral, hind paws reduced the sensitivity to heat stimuli. Clonidine partially reduced formalin-evoked responses when it was preinjected into ipsilateral hind paws. The expression level of α_2C receptor mRNA quantified by real-time PCR was highest followed by those of α_2A and α_2B receptors in DRGs. α_2A and α_2C receptor-like immunoreactivities were detected with TRPV1-like immunoreactivities in the same neurons. These results suggest that TRPV1 and α₂ receptors are coexpressed in peripheral nerve terminals and that the functional association between these two molecules causes analgesia.     

Bacteriological and molecular typing of Clostridium perfringens strains isolated in retail beef in Beijing,China

Clostridium perfringens is an important zoonotic pathogen. This study was designed to explore the prevalence and toxin types of C. perfringens in retail beef collected from Beijing, China. Among 221 beef samples collected, 53 samples were positive for C. perfringens, resulting in the average prevalence as 23.98%. By toxin gene-based typing, the most C. perfringens strains belong to type A (96.23%, 51/53), only 2 strains were identified as type D. By a multi-locus sequence typing (MLST)-based analysis, a total of 36 sequence types (STs) were detected, and the most STs (n=30) represented just a single strain. These finding suggested that the prevalence of C. perfringens in retail beef in Beijing was considerably high and these bacteria displayed extreme diversity in genetics.     

Ultimate fate of halosulfuron methyl and its effects on enzymatic and microbial activities in three differently textured soils

Halosulfuron methyl is a sulfonylurea herbicide used worldwide for weed control in sugarcane, maize, wheat, and rice production. Considering its environmental impact, this study evaluated the effects of soil type, application rate, and temperature on the dynamics of halosulfuron methyl degradation.Additionally, as soil microbes and enzymes are reliable indicators of the impacts of anthropogenic activities on soil health, the effects of halosulfuron methyl on soil enzymatic and microbial activiti...     

开沟-排种单体式人参精密播种机设计与试验

针对人参播种机械化率低的现状,本文设计了一种开沟-排种单体式人参精密播种机。通过对链勺式人参精密排种器落种点、双圆盘开沟器工作性能和结构参数的分析,确定了开沟-排种单体的关键参数,设计了整机传动系统,可实现株距调整。利用土槽试验台架,选取作业速度、开沟深度、开沟器与排种器相对水平距离为试验因素,以合格指数、重播指数、漏播指数为试验指标,设计了二次回归正交旋转组合试验。结果表明：当作业速度为0.42m/s、开沟深度为45mm、开沟器与排种器相对水平距离为95mm时,合格指数为94.53%,重播指数为4.308%,漏播指数为1.165%。为验证播种机的工作性能,加工2BS-10型开沟-排种单体式人参精密播种机,并进行了田间试验,结果表明：当株距为4cm时,播种机的合格指数为92.7%,重播指数为5.0%,漏播指数为2.3%,播深合格率为95.1%,未发现伤种情况,满足我国非林地人参种植的播种要求。     

番茄钵苗移栽探出式取钵机构设计与试验

为了降低番茄钵苗移栽过程取钵机构对秧苗钵土根系的损伤,同时避免机械式钵苗移栽机构设计特殊取苗轨迹与姿态的优化难题,提出了一种可与系列移栽机构配合使用的番茄钵苗探出式取钵机构,实现取苗各关键位置机构秧针以固定角度完成探出入钵、移动送苗及收回推秧工序。根据钵苗移栽取钵过程分析与设计要求,建立了探出式取钵机构力学分析模型,并获得影响秧针扎入钵土时驱动杆受最小驱动力的因素。基于Matlab App Designer平台开发了取钵机构计算机辅助分析设计软件,获得满足番茄钵苗移栽要求的取钵机构设计参数集。采用三因素五水平二次回归正交旋转中心组合试验方法,以驱动杆斜杆夹角、钵体含水率、入钵深度为试验因素,以钵体完整率和取苗成功率为评价指标,试制样机并搭建台架实施参数组合优化及验证试验,结果表明：探出式取钵机构可有效地配合取苗机构完成各项性能工作要求,在参数组合为驱动斜杆间夹角112°、钵体含水率57.5%、入钵深度28.4mm时作业效果最佳,钵体完整率为96.44%,取苗成功率为97.06%,满足钵苗移栽作业性能。