Optimising cutting method and timing for the control of Abutilon theophrasti seed production

Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf) is a widespread and problematic annual weed. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different cutting methods on the viability of A. theophrasti seeds. Three cutting methods were assessed: (1) Entire plant cut and dried (EPD)—plants were cut at soil level and dried with capsules attached on the greenhouse bench or soil surface for 4 weeks; (2) capsules detached and dried (CD)—capsules were removed from plants and dried for 4 weeks; and (3) capsules detached and tested while fresh (CF)—a control treatment. Before drying, the developmental stage (stage one, dark green; stage two, light green; stage three, yellowish-green; or stage four, black with the slightly open capsule) and age (days after flowering, DAF) of each capsule was recorded. Seed viability was measured immediately in the CF treatment and after the 4-week drying period in the EPD and CD treatments. No seeds in the EPD and CD treatments were viable when harvested at the first developmental stage (1–8 DAF) in either experiment, but 100% of seeds in the CF treatment in the field were viable when harvested at 8 DAF. In both greenhouse and field experiments, seeds attained full viability at earlier harvest ages in CF than in EPD or CD treatments, suggesting that seeds might become viable relatively early in development but lose viability if allowed to dry. These findings could be applied to optimise late-season mechanical control of A. theophrasti.     

苹果树种植对黄土旱塬土壤蒸发的影响

以陕西长武旱塬为例,分别对研究区农地和5个不同林龄(9、12、16、19 a和23 a)苹果园的土壤剖面氢氧稳定同位素进行测定,利用Craig-Gordon模型定量估算其土壤平均蒸发量,并基于“空间换时间”方法分析果园种植及生长对土壤蒸发的影响。结果表明：农地及9、12、16、19、23 a林龄苹果园的土壤蒸发量均随苹果树的种植及生长呈现先减少再增大的趋势,年均蒸发量分别为129、104、89、119、128、136 mm;苹果园的土壤蒸发量变化与叶面积指数呈显著负相关(R=-0.713);苹果园种植的前中期(9～12 a)土壤蒸发量随叶面积指数增加逐渐减小,而在中后期(12～23 a)深层土壤水被大量消耗造成的干旱胁迫使得果树叶面积减少,从而导致林下土壤蒸发量又逐渐增大。     

冬枣果园土壤非交换态钾的释放动力学

为了研究长期施肥条件下冬枣果园土壤非交换态钾的释放特征,以Ca Cl2和柠檬酸溶液为浸提剂,采用连续提取的方法对枣园土壤的非交换态钾释放动力学进行研究。结果表明,枣园土壤非交换态钾在释放过程中表现出快速释放和缓慢释放2个连续的阶段。快速释放阶段(188 h)的累积释放量占到总释放量的53.6%~59.2%,而在缓慢释放阶段(188~1244 h)的释放量不及总量的一半。在相同时间内,使用柠檬酸溶液浸提时,非交换态钾的释放量明显高于使用Ca Cl2溶液时的释放量。相比之下,冬枣果园土壤非交换态钾的释放量明显高于对照土壤。在5种动力学方程中,幂函数方程是描述冬枣果园土壤非交换态钾释放的最优模型。     

Experimental Investigation on Chip-break Influenced by Cryogenical Cold Air jet

In machine cutting, the replacement of traditionalKGcutting solution with cryogenical cold air jet not only possesses a good cooling and lubricating efficiency, but also can avoid the occurrenceof environmental pollution. In order to clarify the manner and performance of discharged cutting chip under cryogenical cold air jet condition, an experiment was carried out for steel grade 45 in the dry and cryogenical cold air jet cutting comparatively. The effects of cryogenical cold air jet on the breaking of cutting chip are discussed. Experimental results reveal that, in the valid ranges of pressure and temperature, the cryogenical cold air jet can widen the chip broken region effectively. Different insufflating angle of cold air behaves different influence on the chip-break. From the experiment, it has been gained that the optimized jet insufflatingangle, temperature effecting range and pressure working range of cold air, which provides the foundation of industrial manufacturing.     

A Study on the Mathematical Models for Two Dimensional Guillotine Cullting-stock

Based on the analysis and study on some existed models for two-dimensional Guillotine Cutting-Stock problem, it is pointed out that some kinds of the models may miss some good cutting patterns,and some may result in inadequate solutions because of only considering the patterns with the smallest waste. A kind of revised two-dimensional cutting-stock models are developed,which transform the two-dimensional problem into the one-dimensional one using the dimension-decreasing heuristic method and whose initial patterns are considered comprehensively. In this kind of models, not only the least waste,but also the other constraints,such as the demands and the relative area of the order plates are considered.     

Two-dimensional Optimum Cutting Stock Method Based on Internet and Its Implementing Technique

Two dimensional Optimum Cutting Stock is a NP complicated problem. Each of optimum software gets the cutting results by using proximate and heuristic methods. But different optimum methods and their optimum software may not realize perfect effect according to certain data framework. Furthermore, enterprises can not buy lots of optimum software to choose the most optimized plan. Because of such problems, this paper provides a two dimensional optimum cutting stock method based on Internet and offers the real implementing technique of such method. The experiments, show that this method promotes the general optimum effect of two dimensional optimum cutting stock greatly.     

A Study on the Practical Algorithm for One Dimensional Equal Stock Cutting Problem

Based on alalysing the mathematical models for one dimensional equal stock cutting problem,a knapsack column generation algorithm has been constructed,which is a successive approximate algorithm for the practical engineering.In the end of this paper,some computational examples have been presented,which show that the convergence and optimum results of the algorithm are quite good.     

玉米免耕破茬室内试验装置的研究设计

通过对国内外玉米免耕播种机破茬防堵部件的对比研究,确定采用滚动式破茬犁刀研制出本试验装置,并进行了室内土槽中的实验。该装置测量准确、方便,为研制出适合我国北方垄作玉米免耕破茬防堵部件提供了技术数据。     

聚晶立方氮化硼刀具的性能及其选用

聚晶立方氮化硼(PCBN)刀具已在切削加工的各个方面表现出了优异的切削性能,尤其是超硬特性被使用者所熟悉。为此,介绍了PCBN刀具的物理性能、切削性能以及常见的刀具结构形式;从刀具的几何参数、切削用量、使用条件、加工实例等几方面,论述了PCBN刀具的使用特点和要求。