The effect of various stresses,corticosteroids and adrenergic agents on phagocytosis in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

The effect of acute and chronic stress on the phagocytic activity of putative macrophages from the rainbow trout. Oncorhynchus mykiss has been assessed, using an in vitro phagocytic index, in which the average number of engulfed yeast cells in a population of phagocytes is determined. An injection stress given under light anaesthesia, or a longer noise stress combined with confinement, both significantly reduced, within 3 h, the level of phagocytic activity of macrophages from the spleen and pronephros. Daily injection stress over six days had a lesser effect on the proportion of phagocytically active cells even though plasma cortisol levels were equally raised. Daily dexamethasone injection depressed the proportion of phagocytically active cells more than saline injection. In these in vivo experiments, it was not possible to determine whether stress and steroids depressed the phagocytic activity of individual macrophages or caused the active macrophages to migrate out of the spleen and pronephros. Administration of cortisol (200 nM) to trout macrophages in vitro failed to depress phagocytic activity within a 3h period but both α- and β-adrenergic agonists (10 μM) were usually depressive. It is proposed that the autonomic nervous system may be an early regulator of macrophage phagocytosis following stress and that corticosteroids only exert their suppressive effect on macrophage activity in the longer term. To whom reprint requests should be addressed.     

Treatment of the early life stages of scallop (Pecten maximus) with antimicrobial agents; searching for an alternative to chloramphenicol

High mortality rates are often observed in rearing the early stages of the great scallop, Pecten maximus. The addition of antibacterial agents has been necessary to improve larval survival. However, as one antibacterial agent, chloramphenicol, is banned in Norway and Europe the aim of this study is to investigate alternative antibacterial agents. The therapeutic agents investigated in this study were florfenicol, oxytetracycline, oxolinic acid, neomycin and Pyceze. The mean minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined for oxytetracycline, oxolinic acid and Pyceze against bacteria isolated from scallop larvae. Two types of treatment regime were investigated on an intermediate scale (20 L). One regime involved continuous exposure of scallop larvae to the therapeutic agent while the other involved a short exposure lasting two hours. All intermediate scale treatments were performed in parallel to large-scale production (800 L) treatment with chloramphenicol. Of the therapeutants investigated, oxolinic acid was the most effective, although only at high concentrations. The short exposure of two hours was ineffective for all therapeutics.     

微生态制剂在动物园野生动物饲养中的应用

微生态制剂作为一种新型的绿色环保型饲料添加剂,具有调节动物肠道微生态平衡、促进动物生长、提高饲料转化率、提高动物免疫能力等多方面的作用,其应用前景广阔。综述了微生态制剂的类型及作用机理,对其在动物园中增强动物免疫力、提高饲料转化率、减少应激、净化兽舍空气、改善水域水质等方面的应用进行了探讨,同时指出了其在动物园野生动物饲养应用中存在的问题和解决途径。     

Effect of biofilm formation on antimicrobial tolerance of Flavobacterium psychrophilum

Treatment of bacterial fish diseases can be complicated by resistant bacterial biofilms harbouring pathogenic bacteria and causing recurrent exposure of fish to infections. In this study, the effect of biofilm formation on antimicrobial tolerance was examined using three bacterial isolates of the fish pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum and two antimicrobial agents, oxytetracycline and flumequine, commonly used in aquaculture. Planktonic and biofilm cells were exposed to a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), to a 3 × MIC concentration and to an environmental concentration level of each antimicrobial in 96-well microtitre plates after which growth on agar plates was measured. The type strain NCIMB1947 of F. psychrophilum was further used to study the development of antimicrobial resistance in biofilm cells. The results suggest that at high bacterial densities (>10(7) CFU mL(-1)), biofilm cells of F. psychrophilum are less susceptible to antimicrobial agents. Furthermore, the results imply that biofilm cells of F. psychrophilum may rapidly develop resistance to both oxytetracycline and flumequine if exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of these antimicrobials.     

Comparation on UV curing reactivity of Allyl abietate and allyl isopimarate北大核心CSCD

The UV curing reaction of the difference between allyl abietate(AA) and allyl isopimarate(AI) was studied. The conversion rate of the vinyl double bond was characterized and detected by FT-IR analysis. Results showed that conversion of double bonds are firstly increased then decreased with the increases of the dosage of initiators. Conversion of double bonds firstly increased and then leveling off with the increases of the illumination time, and AA is higher before the 200 s. AA is higher then AI under the same illumination intensity. Surface drying time of AA is shorter than AI, and relative curing speed become faster at the same conditions. Under the conditions of 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone(Darocure-1173)as photo initiator and dosage 6%, illumination time 200 s, illumination distance 4.5 cm and illumination intensity 100%, number average molecular weight of cure products of AA and AI are 4 176 and 9 407 with polymerisation degrees of 12 and 28, respectively. The obtained UV cured coating all have smooth and transparent appearance. It represented some superior properties in flexibility, mechanical impact strength, adhesive power, hardness, acid resistance, alkali resistance, salt resistance, water resistance, etc.. The hardness of AA and AI cured products are H and HB, respectively.     

云烟-12型四层密集烤房的烘烤性能及其烘烤效果

为确定切合云南实际的密集烤房建设形式,实现烤烟烘烤“减工降本、节能增效”,以 K326中部叶为试验材料,对5种建设规格的云烟-12型四层密集烤房以及常规三层密集烤房烘烤性能及其烤后烟叶质量进行了对比研究。结果表明,云烟-12型四层密集烤房较常规三层密集烤房平均烘烤能力增加22.45％,关键温度点干球和湿球温度控制精准度、烤后烟叶上中等烟比例、均价以及烟叶质量无明显差异,烘烤时间略有延长,但烘烤能耗成本降低14.14％。5种建设规格的云烟-12型四层密集烤房,烤房烤能随着建设高度增加呈先增加后略有减少趋势,相同烘烤能力烤房建设成本呈先略有下降后上升然后再下降的趋势,烤后烟叶质量无明显差异。云烟-12型四层密集烤房能充分发挥密集烤房优势,降低烘烤能耗成本,提高经济效益,烟叶质量较好。     

Synthesis and Evaluation of Some New Aza-B-homocholestane Derivatives as Anticancer Agents

Using analogues of some marine steroidal oximes as precursors, a series of aza-B-homocholestane derivatives possessing different substituted groups at the 3-position of the steroidal nucleus were synthesized. Their biological activity against cancer cell proliferation was determined with multiple cancer cell lines. Aza-B-homocholestane derivatives possessing 3-hydroxyl, 3-hydroximino and 3-thiosemicarbazone groups displayed remarkable cytotoxicity to cancer cells via apoptosis inducing mechanism. Compounds 5, 10, 12, 15 and 18 exhibited better potency to inhibit cancer cell proliferation. In addition, compound 15 was further evaluated with three dimensional (3D) multicellular spheroids assay to determine its potency against spheroid growth. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) generated in the studies is valuable for the design of novel chemotherapeutic agents.     

微生物菌剂对厨余垃圾堆肥温室气体减排的影响

为对厨余垃圾堆肥过程中的温室气体进行减排,在60 L强制通风静态堆肥装置中进行为期35 d的厨余垃圾和园林废弃物的联合好氧堆肥试验。在堆肥原料中分别添加复合微生物菌剂VT1000（VT）、枯草芽孢杆菌（BS）和地衣芽孢杆菌（BL）三种菌剂,并以不加菌剂的堆肥处理（CK）作为对照,监测堆肥过程中的CH4和N2O排放,以研究不同微生物菌剂对于厨余垃圾堆肥温室气体排放的影响。结果表明：微生物菌剂的添加会加快堆体升温和促进腐熟,同时能够实现不同程度的温室气体减排。堆肥过程中N2O的排放量在总温室气体二氧化碳排放当量中占比远高于甲烷,达到总排放当量的76.83%～88.57%,排放高峰期分别出现在堆肥初期和腐熟期。甲烷的排放高峰期出现在堆肥降温期,累计排放量达到温室气体总排放当量的1.65%～2.40%。各处理的总温室气体排放当量分别为95.84 kg·t-1（CK）、52.31 kg·t-1（VT）、42.03 kg·t-1（BS）和62.49 kg·t-1（BL）。与CK处理相比,BS处理的总温室气体的减排效果最好,减排率为56.15%,BL处理的减排率最低,为34.80%,VT处理减排率为45.42%。相较于CH4,菌剂对N2O的减排效果更好,可达35.32%～61.86%。结合堆肥过程的温度及各腐熟度指标,该研究选取的微生物菌剂能够在保证堆肥效率和产品质量的前提下有效减少温室气体排放。     

不同种植密度与化控剂互作对浚单28农艺性状及产量的影响

[目的]为了探讨不同种植密度与化控剂互作对浚单28生长发育及产量的影响。[方法]对4个种植密度与5种化控剂互作进行了比较分析,以正常种植为对照。[结果]同一种植密度不同化控剂之间对产量的影响不一样;用化控剂处理的玉米株高、穗位高均低于对照,茎粗高于对照;随种植密度的增加,穗长、穗行数、行粒数、千粒重呈下降趋势,但容重变化不大;浚单28在种植密度7.50万株/hm2与化控剂互作下产量最高。[结论]该研究可为浚单28的高产优质栽培提供指导。     

枞酸烯丙酯与异海松酸烯丙酯光固化反应的比较研究

研究了枞酸烯丙酯(AA)和异海松酸烯丙酯(AI)发生UV光固化反应的区别。采用红外光谱法表征双键转化率,两者均随引发剂用量的增加先变大后减小;均随光照时间的增加呈先增大后趋于平缓的趋势,但200 s前,AA的UV固化产物双键转化率高;同等光照强度条件下AA的双键转化率高于AI。在同等固化条件下AA的表干时间比AI短,对应的相对固化速率快。以2-羟基-2-甲基苯丙酮(Darocure-1173)为光引发剂,用量为原料质量的6%,光照时间200 s,光照距离4.5 cm,光照强度100%,在此条件下,AA和AI固化产物的数均相对分子质量分别为4 176和9 407,数均聚合度分别为12和28,两者的UV固化产物均有光滑透明的外观,均具有较好的附着力、耐冲击强度及柔韧性,均通过了耐酸、耐碱、耐盐及耐水性测定,AA和AI的硬度分别为H和HB。