水稻高产与优质栽培的冲突与协调

水稻高产与优质栽培之间存在着冲突与矛盾,实现产量和品质的协同提高是水稻生产发展的目标.本文论述了我国水稻优质生产的起伏,高产与优质之间的发展关系;在简要比较优质稻品种、优质稻谷和优质大米国家标准和行业标准的基础上,提出了水稻优质栽培的主攻目标;在探讨遗传、环境和栽培因素对稻米品质影响的基础上,指出高产与优质栽培的矛盾在...     

新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区狼(Canis lupus)与社区牧民冲突的调查分析

近5 a来,卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区狼捕食家畜事件频繁发生,给当地社区牧民造成经济损失并带来心理恐慌,狼与牧民冲突日益尖锐。2012年7-8月,采用入户面对面访谈的方法,调查了卡拉麦里山保护区内狼的危害状况以及当地社区牧民与狼之间的冲突。结果表明：① 6个乡的牧民普遍认为在冬牧点或河谷定居点周围有狼,但是其数量有明显的差异;② 在卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区狼捕食家畜的顺序是：绵羊、牛、骆驼、山羊和马,狼对绵羊明显存在捕食偏好。每户被狼捕杀家畜的数量与家庭家畜拥有量呈极显著正相关;③ 狼袭击家畜的时间存在极显著的差异,以夜晚最为频繁,并且多发生在牧民的冬牧场,即在冬季捕食率较高;④ 狼一般远离道路和人类活动频繁的矿点、旅游点,而在靠近冬牧点和水源点的地方捕食家畜;⑤ 60.5%的牧民认为狼对草原生态系统是有害的。     

基于理性经济人视角的区片综合地价测算方法及实证研究

从征地区片综合价格内涵着手,运用因素定级法进行区片划分,并将征地涉及的不同利益主体——政府、农民以及开发商看作“理性经济人”。为追求效益最大化,采用地价折中法即工业基准地价剥离法、社会保障法、收益还原法加权进行征地综合地价测算。最后以湖北省鄂州市为例进行实证研究,得出鄂州市征地区片价格为一级区片224.94元/m2,二级区片192.11元/m2,三级区片163.53元/m2,并在此基础上与当地的现行补偿标准进行对比分析,探讨其方法的可行性与可操作性,为完善征地区片综合价的制订提供参考,也为土地增值收益合理分配提供科学依据。     

冲突分析的基本概念与偏好排序法

针对拟规划兴建的水利工程，提出了冲突分析的基本概念和偏好排序法。该法在可能对不同地区构成风险（尤指生态环境、水土保持和水源开发等）影响时，协调各方冲突关系，并获得权衡方案。文中还根据涉及冲突的各方参与者选择构成的偏好矢量，进行稳定性分析来达到协调解决冲突的目的。分析的结果可以权宜解决各方的冲突，到达状态平衡。通过示例验证了方法的可行性和有效性。     

The Influence of Human–Elephant Conflict on Electric Fence Management and Perception Among Different Rural Communities in Laikipia County,Kenya

Electrified fences are commonly used in Kenya to prevent human–elephant conflict. This research addressed the social perceptions of electrified wildlife fences by assessing community-level individual views of the fences and the willingness of community members’ involvement in fence management. In Laikipia County, Kenya, a population sample of people in two communities living near an electrified fencing and experiencing different levels of human–elephant conflict (i.e., crop raids) were surveyed about their perceptions of the fence and fence management. Respondents in communities with more frequent conflict were less favorable in their ratings about fence effectiveness and were more willing to pay for fence maintenance. In addition, a sample group of pastoralists indicated a positive attitude toward the fence, due to a perceived improvement in livestock safety from predators and theft. These benefits appeared to outweigh the difficulties the fence could impose on livestock management and cross country travel.     

Comparing Student and Professional Responses Toward Advocacy in Science

To advance the conversation about scientists’ roles in advocacy, we conducted an exploratory study examining the perspectives of students alongside those of academic faculty and other natural resource professionals. We surveyed wildlife and natural resource students and professionals, mostly in the Southeastern United States, and found areas of agreement and contention that can be used for promoting communication across groups engaged in science and policy. Groups disagreed about what actions constitute advocacy and what roles are acceptable for scientists, but groups agreed scientists should engage in advocacy to influence policy. The majority of respondents lacked previous formal training about these topics. Given growing support for closer relationships between scientists and advocacy seen in this and other published works, our findings suggest that educational opportunities be made available to emerging and established scientists. Opportunities should foster a deeper understanding of the science–advocacy nexus and aid in making informed decisions about the appropriate role of scientists.     

Human-Wildlife Conflict Pattern and Suggested Mitigation Strategy in the Pamirs of Northwestern China

Predation of livestock by wildlife and the retribution responses it elicits can have strong negative impacts on both people and carnivores. A questionnaire survey designed to investigate human-carnivore conflicts was completed by 66 herders from local communities within Taxkorgan Nature Reserve, located in the Pamir and Karkorum mountains of Northwestern China. A total of 127 livestock predation events with associated predator identification were reported and 583 livestock were killed. Wolves (315 livestock) and dholes (129 livestock) were responsible for the largest number of livestock losses. Livestock depredation significantly differed between guarded and unguarded management strategies. Positive relationships between loss and the total amount of the major livestock species, as well as the total loss and total amount of livestock, were detected. Use of guard dogs did not affect the likelihood of carnivore attacks, whereas keeping livestock in pens at night or all day did reduce the number of depredation events. Depredation showed significant seasonal variation (month of occurrence) for large carnivores. Numbers of goat, sheep, and cattle predated also varied by month, but did not for yak because of different husbandry practices. No compensation policy has yet been established in this area, but if it were to be developed in the future, 83% of interviewed herders would require compensation in cash, whereas 14% of herders would prefer replacement livestock. Our study offers suggestions to mitigate livestock depredation in this region of China. To prevent livestock depredations, local herders should mainly prevent wolves and dholes because they cause most livestock killings, and employ guarded grazing practice. Managers could make herders keep a reasonable number of livestock to raise grazing efficiency, introduce suitable sheepdog breeds, and provide essential dog training as useful aids to herders to increase livestock-guarding effectiveness.     

明清时期生态环境、经济模式及社会冲突——以浙江山区为例

浙江省西北、东南部属于多山地和丘陵地带，受自然条件、人口等因素的制约，明中叶以前，经济开发的整体水平低下，未开发和尚未充分开发区域较广，属典型的自给自足的经济模式。然而自明中后期开始伴随着外来人口的大量流入及不同的技术手段、生产方式和土地利用方式的采用，浙江山区原有经济模式与生态环境的矛盾日益凸显，当地的自然环境与社会环境逐渐失衡，尤其是本地居民与外来移民冲突不断。为此，清政府采取措施以加强对外来移民的控制。     

大学新生心理冲突与角色适应问题的探讨——以福建农林大学动物科学学院新生为例

大学新生由于角色的转换、环境的变迁，会产生各种各样的心理冲突和思想困惑。本文分析了大学新生心理冲突的表现及产生的原因，认为通过加强教育和日常管理，适时采取有针对性的措施，对逐渐消除其心理冲突、实现角色适应具有重要意义。