浅论乡村生态文明建设中的冲突与转化——基于北京卫视《向前一步》栏目典型案例的分析

经济建设与生态文明、公共利益与个人利益之间的平衡是首都生态涵养区建设中无法回避的焦点问题.以北京卫视《向前一步》栏目中北京市密云区、平谷区和门头沟区三个典型案例为研究对象,通过分析其协调解决矛盾的过程,挖掘争议背后的实质问题,总结利益冲突内在的普遍规律和解决方法.解决生态文明建设中的冲突,一方面需要引导、支持、帮扶有关群众,以新的生计替代方式参与生态农业建设;另一方面需要做好对广大群众的宣传、教育与疏导,统筹把握好公共利益和个人利益之间的平衡点,促进生态文明建设和乡村振兴的融合发展.     

The urbanization of wildlife management: Social science, conflict, and decision making

Increasing urbanization of rural landscapes has created new challenges for wildlife management. In addition to changes in the physical landscape, urbanization has also produced changes in the socio-cultural landscape. The greater distancing from direct interaction with wildlife in urbanized societies has led to the emergence of a culture whose meanings for wildlife are less grounded in the utilitarian/instrumental orientation of rural agrarian systems. Urban perspectives on wildlife are comprised of more highly individualized emotional/symbolic values. This shift creates two problems with respect to managing wildlife in an urbanizing landscape. First the increased diversity in values and meanings increases the likelihood for social conflicts regarding wildlife management while at the same time making socially acceptable resolutions more intractable. This in turn requires fundamental changes in decision-making paradigms and the research approaches used to inform decision making. Second, as remaining rural communities feel the pressures of urbanization, wildlife conflicts become conflicts not just over wildlife but conflict over larger socio-political concepts such as equity, tradition, private property rights, government control, power, and acceptable forms of knowledge. This paper examines the wildlife management implications of changes associated with increasing urbanization and employs two case studies to illustrate these issues. First a study of a controversy over urban deer management provides insights into how to map conflicting values and search for common ground in an urban culture with increasingly individualistic values for wildlife. Specifically, the analysis illustrates that common ground may, at times, be found even among people with conflicting value systems. The second case study examined a ranching community faced with predator reintroduction. This case study illustrates tensions that occur when the community of interest (i.e. a national public) is broader than the community of place in which the problem occurs. In this latter situation, the debate centers around more than just different views about the rights of animals. It also entailed the rights of individuals and communities to decide their future. The conclusion discusses the need for wildlife institutions to adapt their underlying decision making philosophy including the way science is integrated into decision making processes in light of the changes in social context caused by urbanization.     

葡萄种植中土石分离混料机的设计——基于TRIZ理论

针对宁夏贺兰山东麓葡萄种植基地,葡萄种植定值沟的挖掘作业步骤繁琐、耗费时间长,劳动强度大、工作效率低等现状,基于TRIZ理论并运用技术矛盾冲突设计了土石分离混料机。该机是集土石分离、土壤与农家肥混合并回填定植沟等作业同步进行的机械设备,彻底改变了人工捡石、施肥、旋耕、机械挖掘等传统的作业模式,大大节省了人力、物力,并提高了葡萄种植定植沟挖掘作业的工作效率。     

接入管理技术在城市道路平面交叉口中的应用

城市道路平面交叉口是城市路网中重要的节点,也是事故频发和造成交通延误的瓶颈点。概述了接入管理技术的概念和设计原则,介绍了在城市道路平面交叉口中典型的接入管理技术。对改善城市道路平面交叉口交通安全及促使城市可持续发展具有重要的参考价值。     

Farmers' perception on self created water management rules in a pioneer scheme: The mula irrigation scheme, India

During the past two decades with farmer participation in irrigation management moving to center stage, the traditional view of having a centralized control over the water resources for better management has changed. Nevertheless, success of irrigation management transfer depend on a whole set of institutional arrangements or the rules-in-use and the willingness of the users to comply and enforce and/or change the rules in the light of changing circumstances. There are many institutional analyses of water sector, much of them touch on law, policy and administration, and characteristics of the users. The present paper is based on the study carried out to examine the institutional arrangements in one of the water users association that was first in the Maharashtra state. It focuses on the institutional arrangements governing water use and distribution and attempts to elicit the perceptions of the members regarding the rules-in-use. The findings reveal that the WUA has been successful in devising and enforcing the rules for water distribution, fee collection and conflict resolution for over a decade. However, current socio-economic developments such as political heterogeneity have required explicit conflict resolution mechanisms. These issues have now become issues demanding immediate attention and may be use of existing courts or legal institutions to help the WUA sustain in future.     

基于综合视角的县域国土空间冲突测度与功能优化——以江西省宜黄县为例

[目的]测度国土空间冲突强度,分区探讨国土空间冲突管理和优化国土空间利用途径,为县域国土空间可持续开发利用提供新的思路。[方法]以江西省宜黄县为例,通过景观生态指数模型、可开发强度分析、用地现状与适宜性评价叠加3种方法,以“把握景观格局—明确开发强度—摸底适宜性—实现功能优化”综合视角为导向,构建综合视角下国土空间冲突测度模型,识别乡镇尺度下空间显著冲突与区域本位基底相耦合的综合冲突类型区,进而提出功能优化措施。[结果](1)2010—2020年宜黄县城镇化趋势扩大,生态空间的容纳度变低,国土空间主要表现为农业生产空间和生态空间向工矿生产空间和城镇生活空间转移。(2)2010—2020年宜黄县区域空间冲突强度加剧,不同时段和区域下空间冲突强度和分布情况差异显著,可控空间主要分布在南部,轻度和中度冲突在域内分布较为均匀,重度冲突主要分布在北部、中部和东部。(3)根据开发强度和冲突产生诱因,可将宜黄县乡镇划分为地形发展劣势区、城镇开发密集区和自然保护地集中区3类,作为空间功能优化的重点。(4)宜黄县乡镇尺度上空间冲突类型区分布存在差异性,表现为：农业空间与生态空间冲突>城镇空间与生态...     

Serum levels of reproductive steroid hormones in captive sand tiger sharks, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carcharias</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">taurus</Emphasis> (Rafinesque), and comments on their relation to sexual conflicts

Levels of reproductively-related steroids were determined in captive male sand tiger sharks, Carcharias taurus, maintained at two institutions: SeaWorld Adventure Park Orlando and the National Aquarium in Baltimore. Sexual conflicts were absent at the former, but were documented at the latter. Serum titers of 17β-estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and 5α-dihydrotestosterone were determined via radioimmunoassay in adult male sharks from 1988 to 2000. Sampling overlap between the two institutions occurred for 3 months of the year, but steroid concentrations were compared only for April due to the occurrence of sexual conflicts in the sharks at the National Aquarium in Baltimore in that month. For April, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were significantly higher in the SeaWorld males, and progesterone was significantly higher in the National Aquarium in Baltimore males, while estradiol was not significantly different. Steroid levels were also determined from serial samples taken monthly over 17 months from three male sharks and one female shark at the National Aquarium in Baltimore in 2001–2002 and were compared with corresponding observed sexual conflicts. The steroid levels obtained showed distinct annual hormonal cycles in the male sharks and corroborated a biennial cycle for the single serially-sampled female shark. Furthermore, the steroid levels for individual males correlated with sexual conflicts as well as their position within the male dominance hierarchy. As this species is depleted in some regions globally, insight into the steroid profile of mature sand tiger sharks is important for a greater understanding of the relationship between their reproductive physiology and behavior, and may aid in captive management and reproduction. L. E. L. Rasmussen—Deceased.     

农业经理人压力与合作社绩效关系的实证研究

引入农业经理人对于改善农民合作社的治理结构、提高组织人力资本存量、提升合作绩效有重要作用。然而,合作社复杂的决策程序、成员的小散化和日益激烈的竞争环境也可能让经理人面临巨大压力。为研究农业经理人压力对合作社绩效的影响关系,利用四川省207位合作社农业经理人的实地调查数据,采用结构方程模型的方法,从挑战性压力和阻碍性压力2个维度进行实证研究。结果表明:以工作负荷、职业发展为代表的挑战性压力的标准化路径系数值分别为0.204、0.259,对合作社绩效有显著的正向影响;以角色冲突为代表的阻碍性压力的标准化路径系数值为-0.276,对合作社绩效有显著的负向影响。不同的压力维度呈现不同的绩效属性,工作负荷、职业发展等挑战性压力有助于合作社的绩效的提升,而角色冲突等阻碍性压力则会降低合作社的绩效。因此,从合作社内部制度、外部环境和经理人自身3个方面提出缓解农业经理人压力并改善合作社绩效的建议。     

基于COM组件构建枣网上专家系统

开发出了一种枣的网上智能专家系统,系统在实现后台管理功能的同时通过“制约性安全保护机制”、“共享冲突保护机制”和“非法入侵保护机制”实现了网络安全,设计并实现了基于COM组件的网络推理机。     

食品消费者知情权保护中的问题与对策研究

分析了食品消费者知情权与食品企业商业秘密间的冲突,提出了解决冲突的途径,即:修改有关法律规定,使关于消费者知情权、企业告知义务以及商业秘密权的规定更加科学;最高人民法院制定相关司法解释,以司法解释的形式明确规定法律应用中的具体内容;在法律制定没有得到完善的情况下,应从公平合理的基本法理出发解决冲突。