Correlation of molecular markers and biological properties in Verticillium dahliae and the possible origins of some isolates

Haploid and amphihaploid Verticillium dahliae isolates were studied using PCR-based molecular markers which: (i) discriminate the defoliating and nondefoliating pathotypes (two primer pairs INTD2f/r and INTND2f/r), and (ii) are species-specific (primer pair 19/22). The results were compared with some known biological and other molecular properties of the isolates. Five discrete sequences of the 19/22 amplicon were found. Sequence 4 was associated with both defoliating isolates from Spain and nondefoliating isolates from Spain and USA; these pathotypes were separated by the primer pairs INTD2f/r and INTND2f/r, but the data showed that the primer espdef01 (derived from the 19/22 amplicon) cannot be used for this purpose. Amplicon sizes and sequences with primers 19/22 divided amphihaploid isolates from crucifers (thought to be interspecific hybrids) into those corresponding to the previously reported α and β groups. The β-group isolates had either sequence 4 or 5 (these two differing by a single base). The distinct amplicon sequence 3 given by the α-group isolates demonstrated that the V. dahliae -like 'parent' of this group was molecularly unlike any haploid isolate yet studied. The overall results are discussed in relation to phytosanitary considerations and the probability of defoliating or crucifer pathotypes arising de novo within Europe, either by selection or by interspecific hybridizations.     

球孢白僵菌对马铃薯块茎蛾的毒力及其与常用农药的生物相容性测定

室内测定了从云南分离的7株球孢白僵菌对马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫的毒力,结果表明,在接菌孢子浓度为10⁵个/mL和10⁷个/mL下,接种后7d马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫累积死亡率分别为23.3%～70.0%和33.3%～86.7%,添加吐温80的清水对照死亡率仅为3.3%。筛选出毒力较高的Bb7001、Bb7004、Bb8001 3个菌株,其中菌株Bb8001对马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫的毒力最高,在孢子浓度1×10⁵、1×10⁷个/mL下,第7天的累计死亡率分别为70.0%和86.7%,其毒力回归方程Y=0.366X+3.409(R=0.956),剂量效应LC₅₀=2.24×10⁴个/mL,孢子浓度10⁷个/mL下的LT₅₀为4.3d。测定了毒力较高的菌株与12种农药的生物相容性,结果表明在供试农药推荐用量及其101、00倍稀释液下,球孢白僵菌Bb7001、Bb7004、Bb8001的3个菌株孢子在含所选农药的营养液中生物相容性良好的农药有:苏云金芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂(Bt)、10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂、2.5%菜喜悬浮剂及松毛虫病毒可湿粉剂,可配伍使用;而阿维菌素、农安、卡死克、抑太保对球孢白僵菌有很强的抑制作用,应避免配伍使用。     

棉花落叶型黄萎病菌的检测技术

采用Nit硝酸还原酶缺陷型突变体技术，共得到棉花黄萎病菌Nit突变体301个，其中A型155个，B型97个，C型29个。共检测到落叶型棉花黄萎病菌11株，除以前报道的6株外，发现了5个新菌株。针刺接种后，在棉株上均引起典型的落叶型症状。通过聚丙烯酰受凝胶电泳比较落叶型和非落叶型的8个代表菌株的蛋白质电泳图谱的差异，发现在浓度为7.5%的凝胶中，落叶型菌株有两条特异性的蛋白，其迁移率分别为Rf5=0.135,Rf9=0.405。用非落叶型菌株DF4、落叶型菌株SY12菌体的可溶性蛋白制备获得两个抗血清。用间接ELISA法检测，即能区分棉花黄萎病菌的立枯、枯萎、炭疽病菌，落叶型和非落叶型黄萎病菌均呈阳性反应，但落叶型黄萎病菌的OD值高于非落叶型黄萎病菌。     

福建省香蕉枯萎病菌硝酸盐营养突变体的营养体亲和性测定

 Fourteen strains of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense were induced to produce 146 nitrate-nonutilizing(nit) mutants on a chlorate-containing medium. Among them, there were 117 nit1 mutants(80.14%), 17 nit3 mutants(11.64%) and 12 nitM mutants(8.22%). These strains were divided into two vegetative compatibility groups(VCGs) by the vegetative compatibility tests. Twelve strains of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense from Musa AAA belonged to VCG1, two trains from Musa ABB belonged to VCG2.     

栗疫病菌表型特征的遗传分析

 本文对栗疫病菌的菌落形态、α-酯酶、β-酯酶及营养体亲和性(VC)特征进行了遗传分析。对有性后代的38个单子囊孢子菌株的研究结果显示:亲本菌株366与68的菌落形态、β-酯酶中(采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法)相对迁移率为2.17和2.33的2条酶带的遗传分别由1个位点上的2个等位基因控制;α-酯酶中相对迁移为2.54与2.772条酶带的遗传由相互连锁的2个基因位点控制;α-酯酶与β-酯酶间存在完全连锁关系;菌株366与68之间至少存在4个VC基因差异。     

In vitro compatibility of microbial agents for simultaneous application to control strawberry powdery mildew (Podosphaera aphanis)

Biological control of plant pathogens on strawberries may be improved by the simultaneous application of different biological control agents (BCAs). Therefore, the compatibility of various BCAs which had previously shown to be effective against powdery mildew (Podosphaera aphanis (Wallr.) U. Braun & S. Takam) under laboratory conditions was examined in vitro. Inhibitory effects between fungal and bacterial BCAs were demonstrated in dual culture tests on two solid nutrient media. Leaf disc assays with single and multiple strain treatments demonstrated either unaffected or significantly improved control of P. aphanis for many multiple strain treatments, even if antagonistic interactions previously occurred in dual culture tests. Highest inhibition of powdery mildew conidiation (80.7% reduction) was achieved with multiple strain treatments with Bacillus subtilis FZB24 and Metarhizium anisopliae (p < 0.001). In this combination, conidiation was 3.7 times lower than in single treatments with B. subtilis indicating synergistic interactions between these BCAs. Combinations of Trichoderma harzianum T58 and B. subtilis FZB24 showed antagonistic interactions in dual culture tests as well as in leaf disc assays. In this combination, powdery mildew conidiation on leaf discs was four times higher compared to single treatments with T. harzianum T58.     

几个新育成广亲和系的亲和性和配合力分析

对６个新育成的广亲和系进行分类定位和亲和性测定表明，它们都属于偏籼或偏粳中间类型，７５５、８５５、１３３０具有相当于０２４２８的广亲和性，２４７、２７５、２９７对粳稻的亲和性较差；主要经济性状的配合力也存在一定的差异。两系亚种间杂交水稻育种，广亲和系的亲和性好是基础，配合力高是关键，亲和性好且配合力高才有实用价值。     

沙柳材刨花/水泥相适性的研究

研究沙柳材预处理与未经处理刨花与水泥混合时的水化特性,以及添加助凝剂后上述2种情况的水化特性.结果表明:沙柳材对水泥具有强烈的阻凝作用.经冷、热水抽提处理后的刨花,再添加一定量的助凝剂,可用于水泥刨花板的生产.     

聚L-乳酸改性麦草共混物材料的研究

以聚L-乳酸(PLLA)和麦草(WS)为原料,以N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物(NMMO)为溶剂,采用溶液共混法制备了PLLA/WS共混物。首先将麦草溶解在NMMO后,再添加聚L-乳酸并溶解,制备聚L-乳酸与麦草的共混溶液。共混溶液采用浇膜法制备PLLA/WS共混物,采用差示扫描量热法、X射线衍射法、傅里叶变换红外光谱、热重分析和扫描电镜等方法对所得的共混物进行表征。结果表明,聚L-乳酸与麦草可以形成均匀的共混溶液。共混物中PLLA与麦草组分之间具有较强的相互作用,相容性较好。当共混物中PLLA的质量分数为50%时,共混物可以形成结晶结构,且随着PLLA含量的增加,其结晶更加完美,熔点与热稳定性提高。共混物薄膜断面结构较为致密,这说明PLLA与麦草相容性较好,混合均匀。通过调节聚L-乳酸和麦草的配比,可以制备不同性能的生物高分子材料。     

一种与板栗嫁接亲和性高的茅栗居群及其RAPD分析

在湖北武汉的北部山区发现一种与板栗有较高嫁接亲合性的茅栗居群，3～5年生该茅栗居群做砧木与当地品种大红袍嫁接成活率在80％以上，嫁接后20年仍然能正常结果；应用RAPD技术分析该居群与栽培板栗品种、野生板栗、锥栗的遗传关系，表明该茅栗居群与板栗的亲缘关系紧密，尤其与野生板栗接近。分析认为该茅栗与板栗嫁接亲和性高的原因可能是该茅栗居群“渗入”更多的板栗基因．