间伐和树体改造对柑橘密闭园产量和品质的影响及效益分析

以“鄂柑1号”椪柑密闭园为试材,设计隔行间伐(A)和隔株间伐(B)2种处理和不间伐的对照(CK),对它们的光照、树体生长、叶片干物质和叶绿素以及产量和品质的相关指标进行测定分析.3年的结果表明,各处理树冠内0～200 cm的光照强度远高于对照;除CK外,各处理的树冠覆盖率在3年间均逐渐增加,但B和A均小于CK;各处理叶片干物质含量和叶片叶绿素含量均显著高于对照;2种处理的公顷单产量在间伐当年均明显低于CK的,但到间伐第三年就可恢复,其公顷单产量与CK相当;3年果园改造后各处理的平均单果重、果皮亮度值(L)、果皮色泽指数(a/b)、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸的含量、优质果率等品质指标均好于CK,具体表现为处理A、B的明显好于CK的;各处理每年的修剪和病虫害防治成本大大降低,具体表现为A＜B＜CK.因此,适宜的间伐和树体改造方式除在短时间内产量有一定下降外,可从根本上改善果园光照状况、增加叶片干物质含量,提高光合效率和果品质量,而且从较大程度上降低生产成本,进而提高经济效益.     

Growth and thinning effects during a rotation period of hybrid aspen in southern Sweden

Hybrid aspen is an interesting tree species for wood production in northern Europe. In this study we examined growth dynamics over the whole rotation period. Height and diameter development, as well as annual growth of stem volume and stem biomass, were repeatedly recorded in 14 planted and 2 root sucker stands, aged up to 26 years, in southern Sweden. A main aim was to study the productivity level for hybrid aspen forestry with an expected rotation period of about 25 years. The study verified earlier prognoses, showing a mean annual increment (MAI) of 19.5 m³ of stem wood ha^?1 yr^?1 after 25 years. This corresponds to a dry weight of stem biomass of 7.2 tons dry matter (DM) ha^?1 yr^?1. Maximum MAI was still not reached after 25 years, although the growth curve was flattening out. If branch biomass is included, MAI is estimated to about 9 tons DM ha^?1 yr^?1 and further improvements in growth is expected by using the best genotypically selected clones available. Results from three different thinning regimens showed that thinning intensity provided significantly larger diameter growth, while no significant yield effects were seen among the thinning regimens.     

Comparison of the cost and energy efficiencies of present and future biomass supply systems for young dense forests

The objective was to study the effect of future harvesting and handling technologies on the cost and energy efficiency of supply chains for young dense thinnings. The system costs and energy requirements were modeled using type of stands, products delivered, and transport distances as variables. In total, 14 systems were analyzed, of which five represented future systems. The effects of increasing the payloads of off-road and road transportation of whole tree (WT) parts by 10%, 20%, and 30% were also analyzed. If boom-corridor thinning technologies, optimized bundle-harvesters, and load-compression devices are developed, on average, costs are reduced by 12–27% and 11–30% less energy is required when compared with present systems. For example, at an average harvested tree size of 22 dm³, the supply of WT using future technologies would reduce the cost by up to 15% and the energy requirements by 21%. These effects increase with reduced tree sizes and increased transportation distances. The effects of future technologies are especially significant for tree sizes below 30 dm³, representing a significant part of the potential that could be harvested annually in Sweden. Thus, there should be increased research and development of boom-corridor felling technology, bundle-harvesters, and load-compression devices.     

Identifying the biological effects of pre-commercial thinning on diameter growth in young Scots pine stands

Data from seven Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands in central Sweden that had undergone pre-commercial thinning (PCT) were used to investigate the biological effect of PCT on the diameter at breast height (DBH) growth of the remaining trees. Two treatments were considered: a PCT treatment and a control (C) with no PCT. The DBH of the trees in each stand was measured on up to four occasions over 15 years. We examined mean DBH and DBH growth of the largest 300, 600, 900 and 1200 trees ha^?1. Two methods of selecting the trees used to calculate the mean DBH values for each measurement occasion were considered: the actual mean DBH (Dma), which is based on the DBH distribution of the trees on the measurement occasion in question, and the genuine mean DBH (Dmg), which is based on the DBH distribution of the trees on the final measurement occasion of the study and therefore focuses on the same set of trees for all measurement occasions. There was no clear difference between the Dma- and Dmg-based DBH increments, but the Dmg values tended to be somewhat larger both for the C and PCT treatments. Over a 15-year period, the relative mean yearly increments (Dma/Dmg) for different tree size classes ranged from 0.91 to 0.98, with lower values for the C treatment and larger DBH size classes. We found that PCT promotes DBH growth: over a 15-year period, the increased growth amounted to about 2.0 mm year^?1 compared to the trees in unthinned plots.     

Non-industrial private forest owners' willingness to supply forest-based energy wood in the South Savo region in Finland

The consumption of energy wood in Finland has increased dramatically since the early 2000s, and the region of South Savo is a bellwether for its usage across the country. This increase is partly due to the national policy of sustainable energy, region's wealth of forests but is also dependent on non-industrial private forest owners (NIPF) deciding to sell energy wood. In this study, a survey with a structured questionnaire was conducted among the NIPFs in the region of South Savo to enlarge the understanding of their willingness to sell energy wood in the future and adopt new approaches to forestry that involves energy wood thinning as well as their current production of energy wood. Moreover, the factors influencing forest owner's motivations relating to energy wood thinning as well as information needs were analysed with multivariate techniques. The results show that almost half of the forest owners in the South Savo region had not sold energy wood. However, forest owners within the region generally had positive attitudes towards selling small-sized energy wood and forestry methods that involve energy wood thinning. Moreover, forest owners' willingness to sell different types of energy wood varied, depending on their background. The study suggests that the increase in supply of energy wood presumes both intensified extension services for forest owners and markets that are better organised than at the moment. The results may also prove beneficial in informing policy-makers regarding which specific target group(s) to focus on when promoting energy wood sales among NIPFs and which aspects of energy wood harvesting and sales to promote.     

孟家岗红松母树林疏伐密度效应分析

对黑龙江省孟家岗林场40年生红松母树林300、450、600、700和1 300株/hm2(对照)疏伐处理后14个性状的进行统计分析,结果表明,疏伐处理对14个性状均产生极显著影响.除枝下高外,其余性状均值均有较大程度的提高,其中单株结实质量、树冠体积和公顷结实质量分别提高了47.79％、33.6％和28.65％.此外,不同性状之间存在极为复杂的相关性.聚类分析和主分量分析将上述性状分成3大类,分别代表了树冠、种子品质和结实性状.这3类性状在各主成分上得分值的加权和比较分析表明,孟家岗林场42年生红松母树林疏伐抚育最佳密度是450株/hm2.     

集对分析法在大兴安岭用材林土壤养分评价中的应用

对大兴安岭兴安落叶松用材林进行不同强度的采伐改造,采用集对分析法,对不同强度采伐后的土壤养分进行综合评价,对比采伐改造后土壤养分.结果表明：大兴安岭地区,兴安落叶松用材林中,采伐强度为19％时,土壤养分最优,低强度和高强度的采伐对土壤养分有负面影响,且采伐强度越高,土壤综合养分越差.     

基于WF的杉木人工林交互式疏伐可视化模拟技术

以湖南攸县黄丰桥国有林场为试验区,以杉木人工林为试验对象,测定林木胸径、树高、冠幅等测树因子及林木位置信息。利用WF技术,在定义林分生长模型、林分结构分析与林分疏伐模型等5种活动的基础上,利用人机交互方式,以图形形式建立了林分生长、林分结构与林分疏伐间交互的可视化工作流模型,实现了林分交互式疏伐可视化模拟。采用GDI+绘图技术与MOGRE渲染引擎技术,实现了林分结构、林分2维状态与林分3维场景的可视化模拟。结果表明:林分生长、林分结构与林分疏伐间的交互关系得到了直观的可视化模拟,此方法面向经营者具有可操作性强的特点。林分疏伐前后的林分结构、2维状态与3维场景得到了形象与逼真的模拟。应用交互式疏伐可视化模拟技术,可实现林分疏伐过程、效果以及林分未来状态的可视化模拟,实现对林分疏伐的实时监管,提高林分疏伐数字化管理水平。     

干扰树间伐对马尾松人工林目标树生长的初期效应

2007年10月在相同林分条件的14年生马尾松人工纯林中进行干扰树间伐,在间伐和对照地块各建立固定样地20块,并于2010年11月进行复测。基于间伐试验后的3年数据,研究干扰树间伐对目标树胸径、树高、枝下高、冠幅直径和材积生长的影响。结果表明：干扰树间伐前后,目标树生长均明显快于非目标树;干扰树间伐后3年,目标树的胸径生长量和材积生长量分别高于未间伐林分目标树的80%和55%,树高生长则差异较小,枝下高生长明显减慢,冠幅直径生长年均提高0.44 m,同时林分内较大径级的林木数量增加;随着目标树自由生长方向数的增加,目标树的胸径和材积生长增加,树高和枝下高生长没有明显的规律性;影响目标树生长的决定因素是目标树自由生长方向数。因此,间伐不应该仅仅注重间伐强度,而且要注重哪些林木(即干扰树)应当被间伐,以便目标树生长得更好。     

浅谈植物景观在室内商业空间的应用

室内商业空间中,越来越重视植物景观的应用。本文通过对上海室内商业空间植物景观的应用方式及效果研究,提出了依据植物观赏价值、人们需要及不同性质商业空间选择植物和营造植物景观的策略。植物的介入,在美化环境的同时,也软化了商业空间中硬朗的线条。