温度升高对酸化森林土壤渗滤水化学组成的影响

用德国Solling地区挪威云杉林的严重酸化的未扰动土柱 ,在 1年半时间内 ,研究了在不存在干旱的条件下温度升高对渗滤水化学组成的影响。当平均气温由 1 2 3℃上升到 1 5 5℃时 ,土壤有机质分解速度明显加快 ,Norg、Corg、SO42 -的浓度和净淋失量明显增加 ,Al3+、NO3-的浓度和净淋失量明显降低 ,NH4+、HPO42 -、Cl-的浓度和净淋失量以及渗滤水的Ca2 +/Al3+比轻微增加 ,H+的浓度和净淋失量轻微降低 ,盐基离子则无明显变化。温度升高导致的反硝化作用增强是Al3+浓度降低的关键因素。简而言之 ,温度升高在一定程度上缓解了Al3+毒害 ,但并未改善盐基离子营养状况。     

Soil organic matter dynamics after the conversion of arable land to pasture

 Conversion of arable land (maize) to pasture will affect the soil organic matter (SOM) content. Changes in the SOM content were studied using a size- and density-fractionation method and ¹³C analysis. Twenty-six years of maize cropping had resulted in a depletion of carbon stored in the macro-organic fractions (>150 μm) and an increase in the <20 μm fraction. Maize-derived carbon in the upper 20 cm increased from 10% in the finest fraction (<20 μm) to 91% in the coarse (>250 μm), light (b.d. <1.13 g cm^–3) fractions. Pasture installation resulted in a rapid recovery of the total SOM content. Up to 90% of the pasture-derived carbon that was mineralized during maize cropping was replaced within 9 years. Especially the medium and coarse size (>150 μm) and light (b.d. <1.13 g cm^–3) fractions were almost completely regenerated by input of root-derived SOM. The amount of medium-weight and heavy macro-organic fractions (>150 μm; b.d. >1.13 g cm^–3) in the 0- to 20-cm layer was still 40–50% lower than in the continuous pasture plots. Average half-life times calculated from ¹³C analyses ranged from 7 years in the light fractions to 56 years in heavy fractions. Fractionation results and ¹³C data indicated that mechanical disturbance (plowing) during maize cropping had resulted in vertical displacement of dispersed soil carbon from the 0- to 20-cm layer down to 60–80 cm. Conversion of arable land to pasture, therefore, not only causes a regeneration of the soil carbon content, it also reduces the risk of contaminant transport by dispersed soil carbon. Received: 10 March 1998     

牙鲆在低温无水保活过程中的生化变化

牙鲆（Ｐａｒａｌｉｃｈｔｈｙｓｏｌｉｖａｃｅｕｓ）属于鲽形目,鲆科,牙鲆属。近几年,随着海水鱼类养殖业的发展,牙鲆的养殖产量有了明显增加。以日本为代表的国外渔业发达国家相继开发了机械充氧高密度运输技术,最近几年又将生态冰温技术开发应用于部分海产动物的无水干运,并对日本对虾无水活运中的生化变化进行了研究［古庄真喜１９８９］。在我国,海水动物活运技术也得到了提高,殷邦忠等［１９９４、１９９６］采用低温法无水活运菲律宾蛤仔、魁蚶获得了成功。但到目前为止,国内外关于牙鲆低温无水保活过程中生化变化的研究未…     

Ge-Gallein-CPC显色体系的研究

本文研究了在表面活性剂氯化十六烷基吡啶（ＣＰＣ） 存在下, 以茜素紫为显色剂测定微量锗的反应条件和络合物组成。试验表明, 络合物在５４０ｎｍ 处有最大吸收, 方法灵敏可靠。在试验酸度下（ｐＨ＝ １－８～２－４） , 大部分常见元素不干扰测定, 适合于煤灰及合金中微量锗的测定     

香菇脱水加工过程中的营养成分变化研究

研究了香菇脱水加工过程中的几个单元操作（热烫、护色、热风干燥、冷冻干燥）对香菇营养成分的影响,结果表明：热烫对香菇营养素的损失最大,冷冻干燥香菇品质远优于热风干燥,但用复合护色液ＹＴＬ３～ＹＴＬ９浸泡后的香菇经热风干燥后ＶＢ２含量高于冷冻干燥。     

湖北襄阳小麦条锈菌夏孢子数量的周年动态

条锈病是小麦的主要病害之一,严重威胁小麦的安全生产。湖北襄阳是我国小麦条锈菌的主要冬繁区之一,可以向我国东部和北部麦区提供菌源。为明确襄阳地区小麦条锈菌夏孢子数量动态变化规律,更科学制定小麦条锈病的监测预警和防控策略,本研究利用孢子捕捉仪及TaqMan RT-qPCR方法,2019-2021年对襄阳地区空气中条锈菌夏孢子数量进行了连续监测。结果表明,襄阳地区条锈菌夏孢子数量高峰出现在4-5月和10-11月,且不同年份孢子数量和高峰期持续时间差异较大。相关性分析发现,条锈菌夏孢子数量与空气温度及日照时数呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。     

Offsetting global CO2 emissions by restoration of degraded soils and intensification of world agriculture and forestry

Increase in atmospheric concentration of CO₂ from 285 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in 1850 to 370 ppm in 2000 is attributed to emissions of 270 ± 30 Pg carbon (C) from fossil fuel combustion and 136 ± 55 Pg C by land‐use change. Present levels of anthropogenic emissions involve 6·3 Pg C by fossil fuel emissions and 1·8 Pg C by land‐use change. Out of the historic loss of terrestrial C pool of 136 ± 55 Pg, 78 ± 12 Pg is due to depletion of soil organic carbon (SOC) pool comprising 26 ± 9 Pg due to accelerated soil erosion. A large proportion of the historic SOC lost can be resequestered by enhancing the SOC pool through converting to an appropriate land use and adopting recommended management practices (RMPs). The strategy is to return biomass to the soil in excess of the mineralization capacity through restoration of degraded/desertified soils and intensification of agricultural and forestry lands. Technological options for agricultural intensification include conservation tillage and residue mulching, integrated nutrient management, crop rotations involving cover crops, practices which enhance the efficiency of water, plant nutrients and energy use, improved pasture and tree species, controlled grazing, and judicious use of inptus. The potential of SOC sequestration is estimated at 1–2 Pg C yr⁻¹ for the world, 0·3–0·6 Pg C yr⁻¹ for Asia, 0·2–0·5 Pg C yr⁻¹ for Africa and 0·1–0·3 Pg C yr⁻¹ for North and Central America and South America, 0·1–0·3 Pg C yr⁻¹ for Europe and 0·1–0·2 Pg C yr⁻¹ for Oceania. Soil C sequestration is a win–win strategy; it enhances productivity, improves environment moderation capacity, and mitigates global warming. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

生态护坡生境基材土壤肥力动态变化研究

分析植被恢复过程中基材土壤肥力,为进一步改进生境基材性能、完善植被混凝土生态防护技术提供科学依据。在湖北省宜昌市选择清江水布垭电站公路边坡(S样地)、高坝洲电站进厂公路边坡(G样地)和三峡大学图书馆后边坡(T样地)等3个植被混凝土生态修复边坡,采用系统布点法,在坡面5~10 cm深度处取环刀样,对生境基材多年份(2007-2012年)土壤主要肥力因子进行定量测定,并采用T-S模糊神经网络模型对肥力水平进行综合评价分析。结果表明:有机质S样地由13.34 g/kg增加至32.89 g/kg,G样地由14.78 g/kg增加至35.02 g/kg,T样地在5.65~22.87 g/kg缓慢、波动增长;土壤全氮含量S样地0.12~2.27 g/kg,G样地0.13~1.64 g/kg,T样地0.08~0.84 g/kg;速效氮含量S样地23.94~170.87 mg/kg,G样地31.70~237.51 mg/kg,T样地20.88~122.28 mg/kg;全磷变化范围S样地2.30~2.66 g/kg,G样地1.64~2.06 g/kg,T样地1.63~2.18 g/kg;速效磷S样地2007、2009年异常丰富,均在300 mg/kg以上,其余年度为36.23~154.29mg/kg,G、T样地变化规律与S样地类似;速效钾G样地波动范围在59.87~207.03mg/kg,S样地、T样地波动幅度较小且总体处于丰富水平。各样地综合肥力指数随着监测时间的推移,总体是逐渐减小趋于稳定,综合肥力指数S样地3.14~2.69,G样地3.25~2.73,T样地3.47~2.74。总体上各样地综合肥力水平呈现先增长后稳定的发展趋势,肥力综合等级处于中等向上水平。     

Carbon sinks in urban public green spaces under carbon neutrality: A bibliometric analysis and systematic literature review

Urban green spaces play essential roles in regulating the global carbon cycle and reducing carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. However, research on the carbon sequestration efficiency of urban public green spaces, which is closely related to the human settlement environment, has not received enough attention. Thus, we systematically analyzed the existing literature in the Web of Science core database using bibliometrics and network analysis combined with the CiteSpace visualization tool. The aim of this review was to elucidate the focus and development trend of research conducted between 2007 and 2022 on carbon sinks in urban public green spaces. Our results demonstrated that: 1) Numbers of related publications are increasing annually, indicating that the subject is receiving increasing global attention. Related research topics primarily focus on two aspects: carbon sink measurement methods and sustainable carbon sink design for urban public green spaces. 2) Methods for measuring and monitoring carbon sinks in the urban public green spaces include sample plot measurement, the assimilation method, the micrometeorological method, the remote sensing (RS) estimation method, and laboratory work. Most methods follow the forestry system approach and lack the methods and techniques to directly assess the carbon sink effectiveness of urban public green spaces. 3) Key factors affecting the carbon sink capacity of urban public green spaces are: plant species selection, plant community structure, green space characteristics, and maintenance management. 4) Future research should focus on encouraging public participation in the design of sustainable carbon sinks in urban public green spaces, advancing biodiversity research on carbon sinks in urban public green spaces, and enhancing the precision of measurements while addressing regional differences. This study contributes to the integration of research on the effectiveness of carbon sinks in urban public green spaces and provides a theoretical reference and guidance reduces prospective urban emission and achieves climate goals.