经济林种子生理研究进展

经济林种子是育苗、造林的物质基础,种子品质的好坏直接关系到苗木生产及造林的成效。本文就经济林种子的休眠与萌发、种子的老化及劣变、种子活力等种子生理工作研究现状进行了较为系统的总结,并提出了今后经济林种子生理的研究方向和发展趋势。     

艾比湖流域水资源变化与区域响应

艾比湖流域地处干旱的北疆地区,人类活动中最突出的建设水利设施和土地开发利用,加之全球变化的影响,改变了艾比湖及其水系原生自然生态系统,水资源和水环境发生了很大的变化。在综合研究流域内水资源变化成因的基础上,提出通过开源和节流并举,保证生态用水量,调整产业结构,依靠工程性和非工程性措施响应水资源变化,降低脆弱性,实现流域效益的最大化。     

复合药剂对沃柑保鲜效果及残留的影响

为了提高沃柑贮藏期的保鲜效果,同时确保安全用药。以沃柑果实为研究材料,用不同复合药剂处理,测定沃柑果实在不同贮藏期的失重率、可溶性固形物含量、好果率、药物残留的变化情况。实验结果表明,不同复合药剂处理对单果包装沃柑果实贮藏期保鲜效果及农药残留有不同程度的影响,其中经50%抑霉唑乳油250倍液+40%双胍三辛烷基苯磺酸盐可湿性粉剂3000倍液+20%烯肟·戊唑醇2000倍液+200mg·L-12,4-滴钠盐处理后的沃柑果实保鲜效果最好,贮藏60d时好果率可达到99.67%,且果皮和果肉中的双胍辛胺、2,4-D、抑霉唑的残留量在安全间隔期14d时均下降到安全食用范围内。。     

中国北方13省土地利用景观格局变化分析(1989～1999)

以北方13省为研究区，对该区1989～1999年的宏观土地利用景观格局变化进行了分析。结果表明：决定该区景观格局的主体要素类型为草地、难利用地和林地．其次为耕地。1989～1999年期间，区内景观异质性程度在逐渐提高．土地利用向着多样化和均匀化方向发展。景观空间格局变化特征是：耕地、林地和城镇用地破碎度最大；林地、草地和水域受到人类活动的严重干扰．斑块空间分布不断分散和破碎化．分离度和破碎度指标增加。草地的破碎度增加最为显著，严重影响该区农牧业的正常生产。景观要素之间的转化关系主要表现为林、草地和耕地之间的相互转化．以及草地退化为难利用地。表征了该区生态建设实践和生态破坏活动的相互作用以及草地的严重退化趋势．说明北方13省存在较为严重生态环境问题．急需解决。     

黄土高原小流域植被特征及其季节变化

植被作为影响水土流失的一个重要因子一直受到广泛关注 ,黄土高原的植被特征随季节发生很大的变化 ,从而对土壤侵蚀发生深刻影响。选择陕北安塞县大南沟小流域 ,于 1998年、1999年和 2 0 0 0年的 5～ 10月 ,每 2周1次对其植被盖度、植被高度和叶面积指数 (L AI)及其季节变化进行了测量和分析。在大南沟流域 ,一半以上的土地是农地 ,种植了玉米、糜子、谷子、马铃署、荞麦和大豆 ,其它土地利用方式有荒草地、休闲地、灌丛、林地和果园。对于农地 ,叶面积指数、作物高度和盖度随季节发生很大的变化 ,农地盖度在春天增长缓慢 ,一般在 8月份才达到其最大值 ;非农地的盖度从 4月份开始增长 ,一般 6～ 7月达到其最大值 ,并保持至 9月甚至 10月份。年降雨总量对植被有很大的影响 ,而单场大降雨对植被特征也有很大的影响     

Hydrological and water cycle processes of inland river basins in the arid region of Northwest China

The increasing shortage in water resources is a key factor affecting sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC). Water shortages also affect the stability of the region's oasis ecosystem. This paper summarizes the hydrological processes and water cycle of inland river basins in the ARNC, focusing on the following aspects: the spatial-temporal features of water resources(including air water vapor resources, runoff, and glacial meltwater) and their driving forces; the characteristics of streamflow composition in the inland river basins; the characteristics and main controlling factors of baseflow in the inland rivers; and anticipated future changes in hydrological processes and water resources. The results indicate that:(1) although the runoff in most inland rivers in the ARNC showed a significant increasing trend, both the glaciated area and glacial ice reserves have been reduced in the mountains;(2) snow melt and glacier melt are extremely important hydrological processes in the ARNC, especially in the Kunlun and Tianshan mountains;(3) baseflow in the inland rivers of the ARNC is the result of climate change and human activities, with the main driving factors being the reduction in forest area and the over-exploitation and utilization of groundwater in the river basins; and(4) the contradictions among water resources, ecology and economy will further increase in the future. The findings of this study might also help strengthen the ecological, economic and social sustainable development in the study region.     

Variation in glomalin in soil profiles and its association with climatic conditions,shelterbelt characteristics,and soil properties in poplar shelterbelts of Northeast China

Glomalin-related soil protein(GRSP)sequesters large amounts of carbon and plays important roles in maintaining terrestrial soil ecosystem functions and ecological restoration;however,little is known about GRSP variation in 1-m soil profiles and its association with stand characteristics,soil properties,and climatic conditions,hindering GRSP-related degraded soil improvement and GRSP evaluation.In this study,we sampled soils from 1-m profiles from poplar(Populus spp.)shelterbelts in Northeast China.GRSP contents were 1.8–2.0 times higher in the upper 40 cm soil layers than at 40–100 cm.GRSP-related soil organic carbon(SOC)sequestration in deeper soil layers was*1.2 times higher than in surface layers.The amounts of GRSP-related nutrients were similar throughout the soil profile.A redundancy analysis showed that in both surface and deeper layers,soil properties(pH,electrical conductivity,water,SOC,and soil nutrients)explained the majority of the GRSP variation(59.5–84.2%);the second-most-important factor in GRSP regulation was climatic conditions(temperature,precipitation,and altitude),while specific shelterbelt characteristics had negligible effects(<5%).Soil depth and climate indirectly affected GRSP features via soil properties,as manifested by structural equation model analysis.Our findings demonstrate that GRSP is important for carbon storage in deep soils,regardless of shelterbelt characteristics.Future glomalin assessments should consider these vertical patterns and possible regulating mechanisms that are related to soil properties and climatic changes.     

西北酿酒葡萄物候模型优选及气候变化对物候期的影响

为预测气候变暖背景下西北地区酿酒葡萄物候期变化规律,该研究利用2007—2022年西北地区地表温度数据及酿酒葡萄（赤霞珠、黑比诺、美乐和霞多丽）物候观测数据（萌芽期、开花期和转色期）,对酿酒葡萄物候模型（积温模型,包含生长日度模型（growing degree day model,GDD）及葡萄开花转色期模型（grapevine flowering veraison model,GFV）,BRIN模型、WE模型）进行参数优化和模拟比较,选取最适模型结合气候模式数据预测SSP245和SSP585情景下酿酒葡萄物候期的变化。结果表明：1）萌芽期,BRIN模型最适用于赤霞珠、美乐和霞多丽,GDD₅模型最适于黑比诺;2）开花期,GDD₁₀模型最适用于赤霞珠和美乐,GFV和WE模型分别适用于黑比诺和霞多丽;3）转色期,WE模型最适用于赤霞珠、黑比诺和美乐,GFV模型则最适于霞多丽;4）在SSP245情景下,西北地区2035—2065年与2055—2085年4种葡萄的3个物候期分别平均提前2 d与4 d;在SSP585情景下,西北地区2035—2065年4种葡萄的3个物候期平均提前5 d,2055—2085年除了天山北麓地区的酿酒葡萄转色期因夏季高温影响而平均延后6 d外,其他酿酒葡萄物候期平均提前10 d,进一步分析表明夏季高温是导致转色期延迟的重要因素。研究结果为适应气候变化充分利用气候资源,保障西北地区酿酒葡萄生产优势地位提供理论依据和科学支撑。     

锡林郭勒草原植被覆盖度时空动态与影响因素分析

以MODIS地表辐射率数据对内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒草地进行研究,分析了2001—2013年生长季(4—10月份)草甸草原、典型草原、沙地草原和荒漠草原4种草地类型植被覆盖度(fv)的时空变化特征,用变异系数(C_v)衡量各类草原f_v的变化程度,并结合气象和放牧数据分析气候变化和人类活动(放牧)对草地f_v的影响。结果表明,在不同年份各类型草原f_v均表现为由东向西递减的规律,同类型草原年际间fv呈不显著波动变化。研究区多年f_v的Cv结果表明有78.66%地区属脆弱和很脆弱水平,其中典型草原和沙地草原属脆弱级别,而荒漠草原属很脆弱级别,只有草甸草原属稳定级别。降水量对f_v的影响较大,呈显著正相关关系;而温度对fv的影响较小,呈不显著负相关关系;牲畜养殖数量对f_v影响较大,锡林郭勒盟草原的适宜综合牲畜养殖数量为39只/km~2(以标准羊计)。     

Mass balanced based LCA of a common carp-lettuce aquaponics system

An aquaponics system (AS) is an integrated system that combines a recirculating aquaculture system and a hydroponics system (HS). It is designed to recover nutrients released from fish and transfer them to plants to provide a system more environmentally-friendly than the two systems working separately. As a result, several AS are under development, but little information is available about their overall performances. The aim of this study was to assess nutrient-use efficiency and environmental impacts of an AS, specifically a common carp-lettuce AS located in a greenhouse. Nutrient budgets of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were calculated and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed for the AS and for a lettuce Individual Hydroponics System (IHS), similar to the HS of the AS, operating in the greenhouse at the same time. The experiment was performed over a 52-day cycle, which corresponds to the growing time required to harvest marketable lettuce. The nutrient budgets were well balanced, with 24.6% of the N unaccounted-for, most likely due to N2 gas emission, and 6.6% of the P unaccounted-for, most likely due to having underestimated the quantity of sediment. At the beginning of the experiment, N represented 55.9%, 37.1% and 0.1% of the total N input in the formulated feed, stocked fish and lettuce seedlings, respectively. At the end of the experiment, N represented 47.6% and 0.4% of the total N input in the harvested fish and lettuce, respectively. At the beginning of the experiment, P represented 56.94%, 40.20% and 0.03% of the total P input in the formulated feed, stocked fish and lettuce seedlings, respectively. At the end of the experiment, P represented 51.52% and 0.42% of the total P input in the harvested fish and lettuce, respectively. LCA clearly indicated two environmental impact hotspots: the origin of nutrients and energy use. One kg of lettuce growth in the AS clearly had lower environmental impacts than that in the IHS for climate change, acidification, eutrophication, land competition and cumulative energy demand; however, a decrease in water dependence was not observed. The indicator for net primary production use highlighted the dependence of the AS on natural resources, especially fish meal and fish oil. Compared to the use of chemical nutrients in the IHS, the use of nutrients from formulated feed in the AS decreased climate change impact but increased the use of natural resources.