豆科灌木－小叶锦鸡儿在我国北方半干旱沙地中的作用

Caragana microphylla Lam., a pioneer leguminous shrub species for vegetation re-establishment, is widely distributed in the semi-fixed and fixed sandy lands of the Horqin region. Some soil chemical and physical properties were measured under the canopy of C. microphylla and in the adjacent open areas to determine the effects of individual shrubs on soil properties. The influence of isolated C. microphylla on chemical and physical properties of the topsoil was significantly different between plots under the shrub canopy and in the shrub interspaces. Beneath the shrub canopy greater amounts of fine particle fractions, a higher water-holding capacity, and a lower bulk density, as well as higher aboveground and belowground litter biomass were found. Soil organic C and total N concentrations were 23%-31.6% and 14%-27.2% higher under the shrub canopies than in the shrub interspaces, respectively, giving rise to ＂islands of fertility＂. In a desertified sandy grassland ecosystem, C. microphylla was believed to play a major role in organic C sequestration, N accumulation, and the hydrologic cycle. Additionally, it has been found to be of ecological importance for vegetative restoration and reversal of desertification.     

晋北风沙区引种灌木根系生长与肥土效果分析

通过对晋北风沙区引种的沙枣、沙地柏等5种生态经济型灌木树种根系生长与改良土壤养分状况进行分析,5种灌木主根长均超过130 cm,一级、二级侧根总数达14条～36条。且栽植灌木3 a后,土壤肥力得到极大提高,灌木林地有机质、全氮、硝态氮、有效磷分别比对照(未栽植地)提高了27.3%,37.5%,88.9%和18.5%,其中,以连翘、枸杞、沙地柏改良效果最好。同时,所有灌木改良效果均表现出根际、灌丛下、灌丛间逐渐减小的趋势,根际肥岛效果明显,5种灌木根际间硝态氮分别比灌丛下、灌丛间高47%和150%.     

Site index for teak in Colombia

Determination of site quality is a basic tool for proper selection of locations and species, in management of forest plantations.Throughout the Caribbean studies of site quality are few and are hampered by statistical limitations, inappropriate growth models, and limited data. We fitted growth curves for dominant height to evaluate and classify site quality of teak (Tectona grandis) plantations by using data from 44 permanent sample plots established since 1990 in 3 22 years old teak plantations in the Colombian Caribbean region. We used Korf’s and von Bertalanffy’s models to fit curves as nonlinear effects models. Both models, with a single random parameter, were considered as adequate for dominant height growth modelling, but Korf’s model was superior. There sulting curves were anamorphic and closely reflected high variability insite quality. Five site classes were clarified: at a base age of 12 years old,teak reached a mean dominant height of 24.8 m on the best sites, 9.8 m inthe worst sites, and in the averages sites, 15.8-18.8 m. Using this model,we identified the best and the worst sites for teak plantations in the Caribbean region. This model proved a useful tool, not only for site quality evaluation, but also for improved teak plantation planning and management.     

造林树种生态适应性评价研究进展

简述了树种选择和立地类型研究这两个造林的必备条件,综述了单一树种、同类树种、多类树种在不同立地条件下的生态适应性评价方法。旨在通过对不同立地条件下树木生长表现出的差异性进行生态适应性评价,确定不同立地类型适宜的造林树种,为选择造林树种提供依据。     

太行山中段造林树种选择研究

造林树种选择的适当与否是造林工程成败的关键。通过对当前太行山中段生态工程中树种选择存在的问题进行研究,提出造林树种选择应遵循适地适树、适时适树、适的适树的原则。遵循该原则,研究了太行山中段主要造林树种的生态学特性,及各宜林类型组可选择的造林树种。     

Effect of site and elevation on wood density and shrinkage and their relationships in Carpinus betulus

This study examined the effect of site and elevation on the oven-dry density and volumetric shrinkage of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) wood.For this purpose,45 normal hornbeam trees from three different sites (Mazandaran,Guilan and Golestan) at three elevations,300 m (low elevation),700 m (intermediate elevation) and 1100 m (high elevation) from natural forest in northern Iran were selected.Disks were cut at breast height from mature wood and test samples were prepared to determine physical properties,i.e.,wood density and volumetric shrinkage.The results show that there are significant differences between site and elevation on these physical properties of wood.The interaction effects between site × elevation on wood density and volumetric shrinkage were also statistically significant.At any fixed site,wood density and volumetric shrinkage increased with elevation.As well,their values at Guilan were higher than those at the other two sites.The relationship between wood density and volumetric shrinkage was determined by simple regression equations.Strong,positive relationships between wood density and volumetric shrinkage at each site were found.Again,these were stronger at the Guilan site than at the other two sites.Given a fixed site,the correlation at high elevation was stronger than at the other two elevations.     

一个含LoxP-FRT重组酶位点及易于操作的植物表达双元载体pYBA100

在农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导的植物遗传转化中,常常需要用到植物表达双元载体。为便于基因工程操作并能在获得转基因植物后方便将标记基因删除,我们构建了植物表达双元载体pYBA100,以满足用于生产安全转基因植物的需要。本研究通过融合PCR方法,尽可能去除所有非必需的序列,将pYBA载体最小化。pYBA载体在大肠杆菌中为多拷贝,骨架为3.69kb。我们构建的含NptⅡ植物筛选标记基因的载体pYBA100仅为5.37kb,多克隆位点为22个,方便基因工程操作。载体pYBA100的T-DNA植物筛选基因表达框两侧预留有LoxP-FRT融合位点,方便在获得转基因植物后通过Cre或FLP重组酶将植物筛选标记基因删除。pYBA100载体能于大肠杆菌和农杆菌中自我复制,并成功转化了拟南芥,符合农杆菌介导的植物转基因要求。离体删除实验结果证明,载体pYBA100能经Cre重组酶删除植物标记基因表达框。     

Genetic Correlations Among Wood,Growth Capacity and Stem Traits in Pinus sylvestris

Wood density and tracheid length are two traits that significantly affect wood products. Genetic correlations were estimated to evaluate the effect on these traits from a selection for traits included in the Swedish Pinus sylvestris L. breeding programme. Measurements from a non-contiguous single-tree plot progeny trial with controlled matings between 30 parent trees was used. Heritabilities were high for the wood traits, intermediate for the growth capacity traits and low for the stem traits, with the exception of branch angle. Wood density showed no or non-significant negative genetic correlations with the growth capacity traits and a positive correlation with relative branch diameter. Tracheid length showed positive genetic correlations with height and a positive correlation with relative branch diameter. A selection that increased height growth at the age of 13 yrs by 10% was expected to decrease mean wood density at 33 yrs by 1%. The expected correlated response to tracheid length from the same selection was a 3% increase in the juvenile and mature wood.     

The non‐timber value of northern Swedish forests

For the forests in the county of Västerbotten in northern Sweden, this study attempts to quantify the non‐timber value arisen from on‐site consumptive use (berry‐ and mushroom‐picking), on‐site non‐consumptive use (hiking, camping, etc.), and off‐site visual experience. The contingent valuation method (CVM) was applied in a mail survey for obtaining empirical data. A follow‐up survey was also conducted in order to get knowledge about the representativeness of the respondents to the CVM survey. The results indicated that the non‐timber value accounted for a considerable portion of the total forest value. On‐site consumptive use was more valuable to rural people than to urban, while on‐site non‐consumptive use was more valuable to urban people. Taken together, these on‐site use values—which to a large extent depend on the Right of Common Access—accounted for two‐thirds of the non‐timber value. The value of the off‐site visual experience thus accounted for one‐third of the non‐timber value.     

Geological controls on conifer distributions and their implications for forest management in Finnish Lapland

Abstract

Soil water and nutrient regimes of naturally established old-growth conifer stands and those of intensively managed Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] sites were assessed over a range of lithological provinces in Finnish Lapland. Soil dielectric permittivity (ε), as a measure of soil water content (θ _v) and soil electrical conductivity (σ _a), as a measure of soil solute content, were species specific, such that high soil θ _v>0.27 cm³cm^?3 (ε>15) constitutes an edaphic constraint for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and low soil solute content (σ _a<0.5 mS m^?1) is constraining for Norway spruce. The spatial pattern of the soil θ _v was temporally stabile, such that intraseasonal and interseasonal soil θ _v was significantly higher in silty tills of spruce stands compared to sandy tills of pine stands. Scots pine was the only conifer on tills derived from felsic rocks of Hetta granite (HG) and Lapland granulite (LG). Norway spruce dominated on tills derived from the mafic rocks of Lapland greenstone belt (LGB), but tills of LG and HG constitute a dispersal barrier for spruce. Mechanical site preparation (MSP) with ploughing (Marttiini) was not able to amend soil θ _v to meet site requirements of Scots pine at former spruce sites. MSP resulted in significant reduction in soil nutrient content such that untreated control σ _a>tilt/shoulder σ _a>trench σ _a. The results imply that MSP treatments through which cross-contour tracks are created pose a risk to the sustainability of soil quality in Lapland.