Long‐term effects of fertilization on some soil properties under rainfed soybean‐wheat cropping in the Indian Himalayas

This study aims to examine the effects of long‐term fertilization and cropping on some chemical and microbiological properties of the soil in a 32 y old long‐term fertility experiment at Almora (Himalayan region, India) under rainfed soybean‐wheat rotation. Continuous annual application of recommended doses of chemical fertilizer and 10 Mg ha^–1 FYM on fresh‐weight basis (NPK + FYM) to soybean (Glycine max L.) sustained not only higher productivity of soybean and residual wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop, but also resulted in build‐up of total soil organic C (SOC), total soil N, P, and K. Concentration of SOC increased by 40% and 70% in the NPK + FYM–treated plots as compared to NPK (43.1 Mg C ha^–1) and unfertilized control plots (35.5 Mg C ha^–1), respectively. Average annual contribution of C input from soybean was 29% and that from wheat was 24% of the harvestable aboveground biomass yield. Annual gross C input and annual rate of total SOC enrichment from initial soil in the 0–15 cm layer were 4362 and 333 kg C ha^–1, respectively, for the plots under NPK + FYM. It was observed that the soils under the unfertilized control, NK and N + FYM treatments, suffered a net annual loss of 5.1, 5.2, and 15.8 kg P ha^–1, respectively, whereas the soils under NP, NPK, and NPK + FYM had net annual gains of 25.3, 18.8, and 16.4 kg P ha^–1, respectively. There was net negative K balance in all the treatments ranging from 6.9 kg ha^–1 y^–1 in NK to 82.4 kg ha^–1 y^–1 in N + FYM–treated plots. The application of NPK + FYM also recorded the highest levels of soil microbial‐biomass C, soil microbial‐biomass N, populations of viable and culturable soil microbes.     

不同风沙土壤颗粒的分形特征

应用土壤颗粒的重量与粒径分布原理来描述了古尔班通古特沙漠地风沙土壤颗粒的分形特征。通过对10种样品颗粒的机械组成进行分析,分别计算出了它们的分形维数(D=2.3237～2.9347),并分析了其与流动风沙土、半固定风沙土和固定风沙土之间的关系。分析结果表明,风沙土壤结构具有明显的分形特征,其粒径分布分形维数为2～3。土粒表面分形维数与2～0.2mm间的土粒含量存在显著的负相关;而与0.02～0.002mm和<0.002mm的颗粒含量存在显著的正相关,表现为随着土壤质地从流动风沙土、半固定风沙土到固定风沙土的变化,其土粒表面的平均分形维数呈依次增高。土粒表面分形维数与三种典型风沙土壤有机质含量为极显著正相关,而与其硬度为显著负相关。     

植物抗冻蛋白及其高级结构研究进展

抗冻蛋白是一类能控制冰晶生长和抑制冰晶之间发生重结晶的蛋白质．并具有两种明显不同的活性——热滞活性和重结晶抑制活性．植物抗冻蛋白的抗冻特性是低热滞活性和高重结晶抑制活性．植物抗冻蛋白虽然在DNA和氨基酸水平上具有较大的差异-几乎没有同源性，但却拥有相似的高级结构．冰晶结合位点也有一定的相似性．而且都可以通过“表面互补”模型较好地解释它们与冰晶之间的相互作用．全面介绍了植物抗冻蛋白的种类及特性，以及它们的高级结构和冰晶结合位点．     

不同水分胁迫方式对沙地樟子松幼苗光合特性的影响

沙地樟子松引种栽培的成功已使该树种成为中国北方沙区人工造林的首选树种, 但由于早期引种的沙地樟子松人工林出现了衰退现象, 使得人们对在干旱、半干旱沙地进行大面积樟子松造林产生疑问. 为进一步研究沙地樟子松人工林衰退问题, 该文以2年生沙地樟子松幼苗为材料, 采用盆栽控水和聚乙二醇(PEG)处理法对苗木进行水分胁迫试验,比较两种胁迫处理苗木的光合特性. 结果表明, 土壤水分胁迫与PEG模拟水分胁迫(处理1h)对2年生樟子松幼苗光合生理特征及其水分利用效率影响基本一致; 当土壤含水量为40％田间持水量时, 沙地樟子松已表现出干旱胁迫, 土壤含水量为20%田间持水量时胁迫达到最大. 10%PEG处理对2年生樟子松幼苗光合生理指标影响与对照具有相同趋势, 表明该处理未对苗木造成严重干旱胁迫. 20%与30%PEG处理对樟子松幼苗光合指标影响的趋势相同, 胁迫超过2 h后樟子松幼苗光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率都降到较低值且相对稳定. 土壤含水量为20%田间持水量的胁迫对樟子松幼苗的水分利用效率几乎没有影响, 轻度(40%田间持水量)胁迫甚至增高了水分利用效率; PEG胁迫的前期(4 h之前), 苗木的水分利用效率低于对照; 在胁迫处理4 h后, 20％与30％PEG处理的樟子松的水分利用效率均超过了对照. 这表明樟子松在较低的土壤含水量下, 具有忍耐、适应干旱胁迫的能力. 另外, 不同形式的强度胁迫处理(30%PEG和20%田间持水量)的各光合特征指标相对值之间没有差异, 表明樟子松苗木在强度胁迫条件下各指标相对值已降至相当低的程度. 3种PEG浓度(10%、20%、30%)干旱胁迫处理在2 h以内的各指标的相对值与3种土壤水分胁迫处理(40%、30%、20%田间持水量)基本一致, 因此, 可以认为2 h的PEG胁迫处理与土壤水分胁迫处理(7～10 d)具有相同的效果.      

Using the RUSLE to identify factors controlling erosion rates of mine soils

Observable differences in particle size, smoothness and compaction between cap site (slope 2·8 per cent) and batter site (slope 20·7 per cent) surfaces on the waste rock dump at Ranger Uranium Mine were quantified in terms of revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) parameter values. Cap site surface material had a K_m (erodibility corrected for sediment density) of 0·030 and batter site surface material had a K_m of 0·0056. Using these K_m values (derived from particle size distributions), slope length and steepness (LS) factors of 0·36 for the cap site and 3·66 for the batter site, and a cover (C) factor of 0·45 for the cap site and 0·16 for the batter site, the RUSLE predicts an erosion rate from the cap site that is 1·9 times greater than erosion from the much steeper batter site. The RUSLE indicates that the finer particle size and blocky soil structure of the cap site (D₅₀ = 0·91 mm) compared with the looser granular structure of the batter site (D₅₀ = 1·74 mm) strongly influence erosion. The predictions are similar to observed soil losses from erosion plots on these sites under rainfall simulation events, for which the measured erosion rate from the cap site was approximately twice that from the batter site. For the RUSLE to predict the observed erosion rates, the support practice (P) factor for the cap site would have to be approximately 30 per cent greater than the P factor for the batter site. The higher cap site P factor probably results from smoothing and compaction caused by vehicle movement across the surface. Compaction is considered to have greatly reduced infiltration capacity, thus increasing the erodibility of the cap site. Vehicles probably also crushed the surface material at the cap site, creating the observed finer particle size distribution and further increasing the erodibility. Compaction, through its effects on erodibility (K_m) and surface roughness (P), is concluded to be the major cause of higher erosion from the cap site, even though the slope steepness is 10 times less. Parameterisation of the RUSLE quantifies the differences between sites and explains the unexpected erosion rates observed. The results highlight the need for careful management of rehabilitated sites to avoid increases in erosion which may arise from compaction by machinery.     

嫩江沙地杨树用材林生产力的研究

通过对嫩江沙地杜蒙和讷河2个区域12个杨树样地标准木调查资料的分析,确定了几种杨树的地上净生产力范围;通过对生物量和生产力构成因素的综合分析初步确定了杨树合理的经营密度,表明林分密度应根据不同的造林目的和立地条件实行动态管理.     

关于退耕还林工程造林类型设计的探讨

本文主要介绍了长春净月潭旅游经济开发区退耕还林地的立地类型,设计了与之相应的工程造林类型,分析了不同工程造林类型的综合效益。     

影响抗药性杂草发生的因素

文章主要讨论了影响杂草抗药性快速发展的一些主要因素。影响杂草抗药性发展的主要因素是由于一类或一种除草剂以及使用作用靶标相同的不同类型的除草剂的大面积和长期连续使用。另外除草剂和杂草的一些特性也影响杂草的抗药性的快速发展。     

实证分析商贸流通对沿海农业经济增长的影响

以商贸流通对于沿海农业经济增长的问题为研究对象,实证研究结果表明,商贸流通对于农业经济总产值和农业人均可支配收入均具有促进作用.总体而言,商贸流通行业总产值对农业人均可支配收入影响的强度较对农业经济总产值的影响更显著,从而从实证研究角度证明商贸流通有利于沿海经济的增长.提出了应创新商贸流通农业经济运作模式,优化商贸流通农业经济发展环境,加强商贸流通农业经济人才培养,推动商贸流通农业冷链物流发展,构建商贸流通农业经济产业联盟等促进农业经济发展的对策.     

Isoflucypram,the first representative of a new succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide subclass: Its chemical discovery and unusual binding mode

Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) have played a crucial role in disease control to protect cereals as well as fruit and vegetables for more than a decade. Isoflucypram, the first representative of a newly installed subclass of SDHIs inside the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) family of complex II inhibitors, offers unparalleled long‐lasting efficacy against major foliar diseases in cereals. Herein we report the chemical optimization from early discovery towards isoflucypram and the first hypothesis of its altered binding mode in the ubiquinone binding site of succinate dehydrogenase. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.