干旱沙区农田防护林营建模式与经营评价研究

通过对干旱沙区人工绿洲农田防护林林木生长量的调查测定和样本树干解析数据,揭示了林木生长规律,建立了树干材积模型,为农田防护林合理更新提出了科学依据。利用相关依据指标,对现有农田防护林的营建模式进行了评价,提出了新的更新模式。     

鄂尔多斯沙区碱湖与螺旋藻资源

通过 1 995 - 2 0 0 1年长期对内蒙古鄂尔多斯高原毛乌素沙地和库布齐沙漠的八个盐碱湖进行了实地调研 ,在其中四个碱湖中发现有四种螺旋藻 ,其中两个为新种 ,另两个为中国新记录种。作者在巴彦淖尔碱湖畔建成半封闭跑道式养殖池 ,以当地的钝顶螺旋藻为藻种 ,利用湖水养殖螺旋藻获得了成功。藻粉产量达到 6 - 8g/d· m2 ,质量通过了内蒙古卫生防疫站“食准字”检验。作者在螺旋藻养殖上的成功 ,为其产业化奠定了基础。在鄂尔多斯沙区发展螺旋藻产业有着得天独厚的优势 :众多的碱湖资源 :特有的螺旋藻资源 ;丰富的光能资源 ;不占用耕地和牧场 ;不污染环境、可持续发展等。所以 ,在鄂尔多斯沙区开发螺旋藻是继化工产业化之后的又一项新兴产业     

Monitoring desertification processes in Mongolian Plateau using MODIS tasseled cap transformation and TGSI time series

Most remote sensing studies assess the desertification using vegetation monitoring method. But it has the insufficient precision of vegetation monitoring for the limited vegetation cover of the desertification region. Therefore, it offers an alternative approach for the desertification research to assess sand dune and sandy land change using remote sensing in the desertification region. In this study, the indices derived from the well-known tasseled cap transformation(TCT), tasseled cap angle(TCA),disturbance index(DI), process indicator(PI), and topsoil grain size index(TGSI) were integrated to monitor and assess the desertification at the thirteen study sites including sand dunes and sandy lands distributed in the Mongolian Plateau(MP) from 2000 to 2015. A decision tree was used to classify the desertification on a regional scale. The average overall accuracy of 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015 desertification classification was higher than 90%. Results from this study indicated that integration of the advantages of TCA, DI and TGSI could better assess the desertification. During the last 16 years, Badain Jaran Desert, Tengger Desert, and Ulan Buh Desert showed a relative stabilization. Otindag Sandy Land and the deserts of Khar Nuur, Ereen Nuur, Tsagan Nuur, Khongoryn Els, Hobq, and Mu Us showed a slow increasing of desertification, whereas Bayan Gobi, Horqin and Hulun Buir sandy lands showed a slow decreasing of desertification. Compared with the other 11 sites, the fine sand dunes occupied the majority of the Tengger Desert, and the coarse sandy land occupied the majority of the Horqin Sandy Land. Our findings on a three or four years' periodical fluctuated changes in the desertification may possibly reflect changing precipitation and soil moisture in the MP. Further work to link the TCA, DI,TGSI, and PI values with the desertification characteristics is recommended to set the thresholds and improve the assessment accuracy with field investigation.     

不同林型土壤有机碳及腐殖质组成的分布特征

为探讨不同类型人工固沙林下土壤有机碳的差异,以辽宁省章古台沙地5种林型下土壤为研究对象,运用统计学的方法对0—5,5—10,10—20,20—40cm土层有机碳、全氮、腐殖质组分分布特征进行比较分析。结果表明:在各林型0—40cm土层上,土壤有机碳含量变化特征为樟子松纯林(4.72g/kg)怀槐樟子松(4.48g/kg)榆树樟子松(4.38g/kg)云杉樟子松(4.21g/kg)杨树纯林(3.95g/kg)对照(1.88g/kg);有机碳储量表现为怀槐樟子松(20.00t/hm~2)樟子松纯林(19.92t/hm~2)榆树樟子松(19.06t/hm~2)云杉樟子松(17.31t/hm~2)杨树纯林(16.61t/hm~2)对照(8.44t/hm~2);经腐殖质组分分析发现土壤腐殖质碳含量表现为云杉樟子松(2.04g/kg)榆树樟子松(1.93g/kg)樟子松纯林(1.74g/kg)杨树纯林(1.65g/kg)怀槐樟子松(1.58g/kg)对照(0.75g/kg)。各林型土壤有机碳含量与全氮、腐殖质碳、胡敏酸、富里酸均呈极显著的正相关关系。     

A SNaPshot assay for the rapid and simple detection of known point mutations conferring resistance to ACCase‐inhibiting herbicides in Lolium spp.

Evolution of resistance to herbicides in weeds is becoming an increasing problem worldwide. To develop effective strategies for weed control, a thorough knowledge of the basis of resistance is required. Although non‐target‐site‐based resistance is widespread, target site resistance, often caused by a single nucleotide change in the gene encoding the target enzyme, is also a common factor affecting the efficacies of key herbicides. Therefore, fast and relatively simple high‐throughput screening methods to detect target site resistance mutations will represent important tools for monitoring the distribution and evolution of resistant alleles within weed populations. Here, we present a simple and quick method that can be used to simultaneously screen for up to 10 mutations from several target site resistance‐associated codons in a single reaction. As a proof of concept, this SNaPshot multiplex method was successfully applied to the genotyping of nine variable nucleotide positions in the CT domain of the chloroplastic ACCase gene from Lolium multiflorum plants from 54 populations. A total of 10 nucleotide substitutions at seven of these nine positions (namely codons 1781, 1999, 2027, 2041 2078, 2088 and 2096) are known to confer resistance to ACCase‐inhibiting herbicides. This assay has several advantages when compared with other methods currently in use in weed science. It can discriminate between different nucleotide changes at a single locus, as well as screening for SNPs from different target sites by pooling multiple PCR products within a single reaction. The method is scalable, allowing reactions to be carried out in either 96‐ or 384‐well plate formats, thus reducing work time and cost.     

Zum Einsatz von TRIME-TDR zur Messung der Bodenfeuchte auf leichten Sandböden

Using TRIME-TDR for the determination of soil water dynamics on sandy soils In this study the suitability of the TRIME-TDR system for the determination of soil water content was analysed. For this purpose a period of three years with continuous data of soil water contents, measured by TRIME-TDR, and soil water suction measured by tensiometer were available. Additionally soil samples at different times were taken for gravimetric moisture analysis. The determinations of soil moisture with the TRIME-TDR is based on a new measuring technique. The soil water contents measured by TRIME-TDR were analysed by comparison with corresponding soil moisture values from gravimetric measurements of soil samples. The soil water contents determined by TRIME-TDR in comparison with gravimetric soil moisture values show an absolute mean error of 7.9 Vol%. In most cases the soil water contents measured by TRIME-TDR were distinctly higher than the corresponding soil moisture values from gravimetric measurements. After correcting the TRIME-TDR the absolute mean error was reduced to 2.5 Vol%. Due to the results of this study soil water contents measured by TRIME-TDR-technique cannot be used in hydrological or ecological studies without a check based on the comparison with gravimetric soil moisture values.     

北京市大兴永定河沙地综合治理效益评价

建立了一套能完整反映北京市大兴永定河沙地治理中经济发展,社会进步和生态环境改善的效益评价指标体系。采用多层次模糊综合评价方法进行评价,采用层次分析法确定评价因子的权重,实现了效益评价的客观合理性。     

Residual Nitrogen Effects in Organically Cultivated Beetroot Following a Harvested/Green Manured Grass-Clover Ley

ABSTRACT

The residual nitrogen (N) effect on beetroot following harvested grass-clover (H-ley) or corresponding twice-cut green manure (GM-ley) was compared with a barley control. The residual N at beetroot harvest, calculated as N in beetroot crop and mineral N in the 0–90 cm soil layer, was 83 kg ha^?1 for the GM-ley when barley was set to zero. The effect of GM-ley exceeded that of 3H-ley (3 harvests) by 74 kg N ha^?1 and 2H-ley (2 harvests) by 42 kg N ha^?1. Prediction of residual effects was studied using a model with a humification coefficient (hc) of 0.35 and another with different hc values for different plant materials. The former gave the best fit to observed data in regression analysis. The latter gave the best fit to observed data in absolute values. The residual N effect of GM biomass from summer cuttings corresponded to 40–70% of the potential effect.     

风沙土添加油页岩对花生生长及产量的影响

采用田间试验研究油页岩与有机肥按不同比例配施(0:1,1:1,1.5:1,2:1)对花生生长及产量的影响,试验结果表明:油页岩与有机肥配施对花生产量、农艺性状和生理指标有显著的促进作用,具有良好的氮肥作用,其中油页岩与有机肥按1.0-1.5:1配施的处理最佳,可使花生产量、果实数、双粒数、单株果重、主茎高、侧枝长分别比...     

Reconciling poverty alleviation with reduction in fisheries capacity: boat aid in post-tsunami Aceh, Indonesia

Abstract  The tremendous loss of life and assets resulting from the 2004 tsunami dealt a devastating blow to the coastal communities of Aceh Province, Indonesia. An assessment of the fishing fleet structure pre- and post-tsunami, including associated pattern in boat aid, in 15 coastal communities was conducted and compared with data on boat relief efforts over 17 districts of the Province. Aid was found to be not proportionally allocated to losses incurred by communities and was in many cases below what could be seen as a trend toward overcapacity. The distribution of aid appeared to be done without consideration of the former structure of the fleet, which changed significantly over time (pre- and post-tsunami), and resulted in a new fleet of reduced diversity with a strong focus on the smaller boat categories. If this situation perpetuates after the initial post-disaster period, it may further exacerbate the pre-existing economic and geographic marginalisation of some remote communities, and reduce the capacities of the fleets to diversify and develop multi-species harvesting strategies; thus, increasing the risk of ecologically unsustainable exploitation in near shore areas.