花生-萝卜轮作体系下红黏土红壤对猪粪安全消纳能力研究

为减少养猪场废弃物排放和化肥使用,降低环境污染,最大限度将猪粪肥料化,采用盆栽试验方法,在自然降雨条件下模拟研究了亚热带红壤丘陵区花生-萝卜轮作体系下红黏土红壤对猪粪的安全消纳能力。试验设在江西鹰潭中国科学院红壤生态试验站,供试土壤肥力水平中等(有机碳5.16g·kg-1,Olsen-P28.34mg·kg-1)。试验以3组化肥水平为基础(不施化肥,常规化肥减半,常规化肥用量),常规化肥年施肥量为:N100 kg·hm-2,P50kg·hm-2,K100kg·hm-2。每个化肥用量基础上分别设置7个猪粪施肥梯度(以P计):0、25、50、100、200、400、800kgP·hm-2。通过监测两年土壤渗漏水中铵态氮、硝态氮和总磷浓度变化,结合作物产量和土壤养分含量变化,初步确定了花生-萝卜轮作体系下红黏土红壤对猪粪的安全消纳量。结果表明:(1)从地下水和土壤环境角度分析,在不施化肥情况下,猪粪施用量应低于200kgP·hm-2,常用化肥用量减半时,猪粪安全用量为不高于100 kg P·hm-2;常规化肥用量下,即使不施猪粪,渗漏水硝态氮浓度已经有引起污染的风险。(2)从作物产量角度考虑,猪粪和化肥配合施用时猪粪用量超过100 kg P·hm-2时不能使作物显著增产。因此,在保证经济效益和环境生态效益的同时,确定年化肥用量为常规用量减半水平,花生-萝卜轮作体系下红黏土红壤猪粪最大安全消纳量为100kgP·hm-2,相当于每年施用鲜猪粪24000kg·hm-2。     

基于ERT技术反演红壤剖面水分入渗过程

水分运动是土壤中物质和能量传输的主要驱动力，但是水分在土壤中的运动轨迹复杂多变，难以直接捕捉。本研究以第四纪红黏土发育的红壤为研究对象，借助电阻率成像技术（ERT），反演水分在林地和农地土壤中的入渗过程。研究发现，ERT技术能够实现水分在红壤包气带入渗过程的可视化，ERT测定的表观电阻率的变化量与烘干法测定的土壤水分之间呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01），林地的决定系数为0.72，农地为0.53。土地利用类型影响水分入渗的范围和方式，在2 cm水头高度注水100 L的情况下，林地的入渗深度大于80 cm，而农地约为50 cm，在此基础上，继续注水200 min，林地和农地均出现明显的优先流现象。但是，林地的优先流比农地更为发育，林地是通过根系等大孔隙快速向下传输，而农地则以“指流”的方式，间断性向深层运动。在土壤层次复杂、背景含水量高、土壤黏重等不利因素的影响下，ERT技术依然能捕捉优先流在红壤中发生和发育的过程。     

Retention of Molybdenum(VI) by Three Finnish Mineral Soils

Abstract

Retention of molybdate by three Finnish mineral soils from 10^?4 and 10^?5 M sodium molybdate solutions at room temperature was investigated at pH 2.3–7.5. In the adsorption experiments 0.02 M KCl was used as ionic medium, and the samples were left to equilibrate for 72 h. The solid: solution ratio was 1:100 (w: v). Maximum adsorption occurred below pH 4.5, where about 60–80 % of added molybdenum was retained. Desorption of the adsorbed molybdenum was measured by adding 50 ml of 0.02 M KCl into weighed soil samples and shaking for 17 h in an apparatus with a mechanical stirrer. In each soil an appreciable amount of Mo was so tightly bound that it could not be removed by KCl treatment.     

华中黄棕壤和黄褐土粘粒胶膜的微量元素地球化学特征

The relationships between the basic properties and trace elementsin soil argillans and corresponding matrix soils were studied by sampling from the B horizons of 26 Alfisols in croplands of the subtropical area in Central China. The soil elements (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, Co, Cu, Cr, Cd, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Ti, V, and Zn) were extracted by acid digestion and their contents were measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The mean contents of clay and organic matter in the argillans were approximately 1.1 and 1.3 times greater than those in the matrix soils, respectively. The pH values and the contents of P₂O₅ and bases (K₂O, Na₂O, CaO, and MgO) in the argillans were higher than those in the corresponding matrix soils. Cu, Cd, Ti, and V were enriched in the argillans. Correlation coefficients and factor analyses showed that Co, Cu, Li, and Zn were bound with phyllosilicates and manganese oxides (Mn-oxides) in the argillans. Cr and Pb were mainly associated with iron oxides (Fe-oxides), while Ni was bound with Mn-oxides. Cd, Ti, and V were chiefly associated with phyllosilicates, but Cr and Mo were rarely enriched in the argillans. In contrast, in the matrix soils, Co and Zn were associated with organic matter and Fe-oxides, Cr existed in phyllosilicates, and Mo was bound to Fe-oxides. Cd, Ti, and V were associated with organic matter. The results of this study suggest that clays, organic matter, and minerals in the argillans dominate the illuviation of trace elements in Alfisols. Argillans might be the active interfaces of elemental exchange and nutrient supply in cropland soils in Central China.     

有机酸对高岭石, 针铁矿和水铝英石吸附镉的影响

Effects of organic acids （oxalic, acetic, and citric） on adsorption characteristics of Cadmium （Cd） on soil clay minerals （kaolinite, goethite, and bayerite） were studied under different concentrations and different pH values. Although the types of organic acids and minerals were different, the effects of the organic acids on the adsorption of Cd on the minerals were similar, i.e., the amount of adsorbed Cd with an initial solution pH of 5.0 and initial Cd concentration of 35 mg L^-1 increased with increasing concentration of the organic acid in solution at lower concentrations, and decreased at higher concentrations. The percentage of Cd adsorbed on the minerals in the presence of the organic acids increased considerably with increasing pH of the solution. Meanwhile, different Cd adsorption in the presence of the organic acids, due to different properties on both organic acids and clay minerals, on kaolinite, goethite, or bayerite for different pHs or organic acid concentrations was found.     

Radiocesium transfer from Andosols to brown rice in the northern and northwest areas of Tochigi Prefecture,in the first 3 years following the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident

ABSTRACT

Following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident of 2011, the potential for radiocesium transfer from contaminated soils, such as Andosols, to agricultural crops became a significant concern. Andosols account for up to 70％ of paddy soils in the northern and northwest areas of Tochigi Prefecture, where the radiocesium concentration is 1000 Bq kg^?1 or greater in the soil of some fields. The present study was carried out in order to determine the phytoavailability of radiocesium in Andosols by comparing it with that of gray lowland soils in the first 3 years following the accident. The transfer factor (TF) tended to be higher in Andosols than in gray lowland soils, leading to higher radiocesium concentrations in brown rice grown in Andosols. The exchangeable potassium (Ex-K₂O) in Andosols was highly and negatively correlated with TF, followed by clay. The Ex-K₂O value was positively correlated with the clay/total carbon (T-C) value, suggesting that a high T–C ratio could weaken K₂O adsorption on clay mineral sites; hence, the low clay/T-C values can partially explain the relatively large TF values of Andosols. Samples with Ex-K₂O contents less than 200 mg kg^?1 and with low clay/T-C values showed striking decreases in TF values from 2011 to 2012. However, the decrease from 2012 to 2013 was quite small; radiocesium in these samples was potentially available for rice uptake for a long time, likely due to the reversible adsorption and fixation characteristics of allophane. Most gray lowland soil samples showed very low TF values over the 3 years of the study, except for those with TF values greater than 0.1 due to low Ex-K₂O and clay contents; the geometric mean (GM) value of TF was below 0.01 in 2012. The extraction of exchangeable radiocesium (Ex-Cs) with a 1 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate solution may not be an appropriate method for explaining the variability in radiocesium TF in Andosols. This is because the Ex-Cs value was significantly correlated with Ex-K₂O in Andosols, but not in gray lowland soils, indicating that Ex-K₂O explained this variability in relation to Ex-Cs.     

固定态铵的含量及中国某些耕地土壤NH4+的固定能力

Fixed ammonium contents and NH4^ fixation capacities of some representative cultivated solis collected from 16 provinces of China were studied.Results showed that the contents of fixed ammonium in soils ranged from 35 to 573 mg N kg^-1,with an average of 198mg Nkg^-1.The content of fixed ammonium correlated very significantly with mica content for tropical and subtropical soils,whereas this was not the case for soils in the temperate zone.At the end of K-exhausting experiment the fixed ammonium content increased in most soils studied.However,it decreased in smom temperate soils.Generally,fixation of added NH4^ could not be found either before or after K-exhausting experiment for highly weathered soils,including tropical soils and soils derived from granite-gneiss or Quaternary red clays in the subtropic zone,while for most soils in the Yangtze River dalta the NH4^ fixation capacity was rather high and increased significantly in the K-exhausted soils.     

不同介质环境对黏土分散性的影响及分散性黏土改性研究

【目的】研究不同介质环境对黏土分散性的影响,探究黏土的分散机理,确定改良黏土分散性的生石灰适宜掺量。【方法】基于非分散性土和分散性土的物理化学特性差异,模拟不同的介质环境,对非分散性黏土和分散性黏土进行碎块试验,研究介质环境对黏土分散性的影响;以不同掺量的生石灰对分散性土进行改性,并通过碎块试验和针孔试验评判改性效果,探求生石灰的适宜掺量。【结果】非分散性土在一定浓度的高Na+碱性环境下表现分散性。在含NaOH环境中,非分散黏土在pH=10.5、Na+浓度为0.3 mmol/L时开始表现分散性;在Na2CO3环境中,非分散黏土在pH=10.13、Na+浓度为0.1 mmol/L时开始表现分散性;在NaHCO3、KOH、KHCO3、K2CO3以及NaCl等中性介质环境中,非分散性黏土不表现分散性。分散性土在中性盐溶液下分散性会减弱,随着盐浓度的增加最终丧失分散性。在NaCl和CaCl2环境中,分散性黏土分散性减弱的临界浓度分别为5和1 mmol/L。生石灰掺量为0～2.0 g/kg时,对分散性黏土改性效果不明显;生石灰掺量≥2.5 g/kg时,对分散性黏土具有显著的改性效果。【结论】适当浓度的Na+在一定的碱性环境中能促进分散,而适当浓度的阳离子(包括Na+在内)在非碱性环境中能抑制分散;生石灰是一种优良的分散性土改性剂。     

应力路径在大型油罐软土地基加固中的应用

上海某10×104m3油罐为国内同容积罐中首次建造在软土地基上的大型油罐,采用了碎石桩、塑料排水板及充水预压综合地基处理方案。实践表明,充水预压过程中使用应力路径法控制地基稳定是一种行之有效的监测手段。     

砂姜黑土的粘粒矿物组成和蒙皂石来源的探讨

对不同地区的几个砂姜黑土剖面的粘粒矿物进行了 X 射线衍射分析,结果表明均以蒙皂石为主,其次为伊利石,高岭石和蛭石含量较少,仅山东高密的砂姜黑土削面含少量绿泥石。这与毗邻土壤类型迥然不同。对黑土层石英砂的 SEM 观察表明,砂姜黑土的母质均为洪(冲)积-湖沼沉积型。笔者认为,砂姜黑土中高含量的蒙皂石主要系流水悬浮而来,在湖泊静水环境中沉淀富集而成,其来源范围比粗骨颗粒部分更广泛。