宝鸡市12区县水资源生态安全基尼系数分析

为了能够统筹安排宝鸡市的水资源,提高水资源的利用率,对未来区域经济发展中如何确保生态安全提出对策提供一定的参考依据,本研究结合宝鸡市12区、县水资源的现状,应用洛伦兹曲线的基本原理及基尼系数计算方法,对2009年宝鸡市的水资源与耕地资源、GDP和人口布局等的匹配程度进行分析。计算得到宝鸡市水资源与耕地资源、GDP、人口匹配的基尼系数分别是0.3527、0.4501、0.5472,可以认为宝鸡市水资源与耕地资源匹配较好,而与GDP和人口分布匹配却极不平衡。     

Ridge-furrow plastic mulching with a suitable planting density enhances rainwater productivity,grain yield and economic benefit of rainfed maize

Soil surface mulching and planting density regulation are widely used for effective utilization of limited rainwater resources and improvement of crop productivity in dryland farming.However,the combined effects of mulching type and planting density on maize growth and yield have been seldom studied,especially in different hydrological years.A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of mulching type and planting density on the soil temperature,growth,grain yield(GY),water use efficiency(WUE)and economic benefit of rainfed maize in the drylands of northern China during 2015-2017.Precipitation fluctuated over the three years.There were four mulching types(NM,flat cultivation with non-mulching;SM,flat cultivation with straw mulching;RP,plastic-mulched ridge plus bare furrow;RPFS,plastic-mulched ridge plus straw-mulched furrow)and three planting densities(LD,low planting density,45.0×10^3 plants/hm^2;MD,medium planting density,67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2;HD,high planting density,90.0×10^3 plants/hm^2).Results showed that soil temperature was higher with RP and lower with SM compared with NM,but no significant difference was found between RPFS and NM.More soil water was retained by soil mulching at the early growth stage,but it significantly varied at the middle and late growth stages.Maize growth was significantly improved by soil mulching.With increasing planting density,stem diameter,net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content tended to decline,whereas a single-peak trend in biomass yield was observed.Mulching type and planting density did not have significant effect on evapotranspiration(ET),but GY and WUE were significantly affected.There were significant interacting effects of mulching type and planting density on biomass yield,GY,ET and WUE.Compared with NM,RPFS,RP and SM increased GY by 57.5%,50.8%and 18.9%,and increased WUE by 66.6%,54.3%and 18.1%,respectively.At MD,GY increased by 41.4%and 25.2%,and WUE increased by 38.6%and 22.4%compared with those of at LD and HD.The highest maize GY(7023.2 kg/hm^2)was observed under MD+RPFS,but the value(6699.1 kg/hm^2)was insignificant under MD+RP.Similar trends were observed for WUE under MD+RP and MD+RPFS,but no significant difference was observed between these two combinations.In terms of economic benefit,net income under MD+RP was the highest with a 9.8%increase compared with that of under MD+RPFS.Therefore,we concluded that RP cultivation pattern with a suitable planting density(67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2)is promising for rainwater resources utilization and maize production in the drylands of northern China.     

甘肃兰州市耕地动态变化与驱动力关系定量研究

利用1990～2004年兰州市耕地统计资料,对该地区耕地资源利用与变化的基本特征和主要驱动机制进行了分析。运用主成分分析法对耕地变化及其影响因子的关系进行了定量研究,将其概括为人口经济因素和农业科技因素。在此基础上,建立了耕地动态变化与社会驱动因子之间的回归模型。     

扬州城市道路部分绿化树种滞尘效应研究

以扬州市城区干道绿化树种为试材,研究了滞尘指标以及树种、地段、季节因素等对叶面滞尘效应评价的影响。结果表明:叶片滞尘量测定值在一定程度上可以反映客观环境空气中的颗粒物含量,以文昌路的最大、校园次之、公园最小,其与采样地点的影响密切相关;常绿灌木的叶片滞尘量较大,则表现为对地面粉尘的拦截能力强。因受树种单叶面积大小、树冠密集度、整株叶量多少和叶片组织结构等制约,各滞尘量指标间不尽一致。乔木树种中:单叶滞尘量(mg)与单位面积滞尘量(g/m2)反映一致,为广玉兰悬铃木银杏枫杨女贞香樟,干重滞尘量(mg/g)变化较大,为枫杨银杏悬铃木广玉兰女贞香樟;综合各项指标比较,以落叶树种的滞尘能力占优势,仅广玉兰的单位面积滞尘量表现最高。灌木树种中:单叶滞尘量(mg)、干重滞尘量(mg/g)均以珊瑚树最大,而单位面积滞尘量(g/m2)以小叶黄杨最大。叶片滞尘量的季节性变化与秸秆焚烧等大气污染的动态变化具有明显的相关性,其中:广玉兰以5月值最高,余皆以10月值最高。     

环氧化天然橡胶凝胶与溶胶的热降解

采用热重法研究了环氧化天然橡胶的凝胶和溶胶的热降解和热氧降解,并用３次样条函数对热重数据进行插值和微分,通过二元线性回归求出了凝胶和溶胶的热降解活化能、反应级数和频率因子。凝胶的起始降解温度、热氧降解温度及活化能高于溶胶的起始降解温度、热氧降解温度及活化能,说明凝胶的热稳定性高于溶胶。     

安顺市环城林带绿化设计方案初步分析

阐述了安顺市环城林带绿化建设工程的绿化设计方案,对设计方案中的立地类型划分、树种选择、造林类型及混交设计、造林密度和配置方式等进行了初步分析,并对后期管理提出建议。     

Marine temperatures experienced by postsmolts and the survival of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the North Sea area

The survival of two Atlantic salmon stocks that inhabit rivers confluent with the North Sea was examined in respect to historical distributions of sea surface water temperatures. The rivers Figgjo and North Esk are relatively small salmon rivers in southern Norway and eastern Scotland, respectively. Wild salmon smolts have been tagged in these rivers since 1965. Tag returns were used to evaluate the survival of salmon in the North Sea. Survival rates of one-sea-winter (1SW) and 2SW fish were correlated within stocks, as well as between stocks. Survival rates were compared with the areal extent of thermal habitat in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean. A positive correlation was found between the area of 8–10°C water in May and the survival of salmon. A reciprocal negative correlation was also found between survival and 5–7°C water in the same month. An analysis of sea surface temperature distributions for periods of good vs. poor salmon survival showed that when cool surface waters dominate the Norwegian coast and North Sea during May, salmon survival has been poor. Conversely, when the 8°C isotherm has extended northward along the Norwegian coast during May, survival has been good. The effect of water temperature distributions on the growth of postsmolts and other survival factors are discussed.     

浙江省温州市粮食安全研究

粮食安全问题关系着人民的生存和社会的安宁 ,对于人多地少粮缺的温州市尤其如此。分析了温州市粮食生产现状及存在问题 ,认为应从政策扶持、科技投入、市场建设 3个方面入手解决温州市粮食安全问题。     

干旱区资源型城市可持续发展研究——以嘉峪关市为例

利用生态足迹和生态承载力的理论和方法,以干旱区资源型城市嘉峪关市为例,对其可持续发展状况及程度进行了评价和度量.结果表明:嘉峪关市2000-2003年人均生态足迹在14.270 6～21.928 3 hm2,人均生态承载力在0.127 2～0.129 1 hm2,生态足迹远超过其生态承载力,已对生态系统构成极大压力.在此基础上,提出了降低生态赤字的途径,为嘉峪关市的可持续发展提供了理论参考.     

水资源硬约束下的武威城市化过程与节水型城市建设

以历史资料和1985-2005年武威市统计数据为基础,从水资源总量变化、河道迁徙、空间分布、用水结构、水价等方面探讨了水资源对武威城市形成发展的作用机制,分析了武威市水资源和城市化的相互作用关系。研究表明:武威市城镇形成发展与城市化进程受水资源影响明显。1985-2005年武威市用水总量和城市化水平、经济发展之间的关系表现为从相互抗拮到逐渐适应的磨合过程;用水总量与城市用地扩张关系复杂,但用地规模的扩张带来了一定的用水量减少;农业用水效益与农业在GDP中所占的比重呈线性负相关关系,工业用水效益与工业在GDP中的比重呈线性正相关关系。今后随着武威市城市化进程的加快,水资源对城市发展的制约作用将越加明显,通过优化用水结构、促进生产、生活节水、提高公众节水意识、加强水价调控等途径建设节水型城市是缓解武威城市发展水资源压力的重要途径。