沙漠化过程土壤种子库特征的研究

采用野外定点取样与室内萌发实验相结合的方法 ,研究了 4种不同类型退化沙地土壤种子库特征 ,主要结论是 :(1)土壤种子库密度随沙漠化程度的增加而下降 ,不同沙漠化发展阶段下降速率不同 ,从固定到半固定沙地是种子库密度衰减最快的时期 ;(2 )土壤种子库植物种数从固定到半流动沙地变化很小 ,半流动到流动沙地衰减速度明显加快 ,是种子库植物种数衰减最快的时期 ;(3) 4种类型退化沙地土壤种子库的种类组成以 1、2年生草本植物为主 ,所占比例 79%～ 88% ,多年生草本和灌木所占比例很小 ;(4 )土壤种子库物种多样性指数并非随着沙漠化程度的增加而下降 ,其中半流动沙地的物种多样性指数最小 ;(5 ) 4种类型退化沙地土壤种子库组成上的相似性系数变化范围为 0 .82 9～ 1.0 0 0 ,表现出较小的空间异质性。     

Analysis of the seed dispersal patterns of wild soybean as a reference for vegetation management around genetically modified soybean fields

There are concerns that genetically modified soybean might threaten the genetic diversity of the wild soybean populations that are distributed in East Asia because genetically modified soybean has no crossing barrier with wild soybean. A simple and effective method to prevent hybridization via pollen flow is spatial separation between the two species because their hybridization occurs only when they grow in close proximity. Therefore, the invasiveness of wild soybean needs to be known in order to secure the appropriate distances. As wild soybean seeds are dispersed mechanically by pod dehiscence, an experiment was conducted in which white sheets were placed on the ground, concentric circles were drawn around the parent plants, and the number of dispersed seeds within each 0.5 m‐wide zone were counted. About 40% of the produced seeds were dispersed and the number of dispersed seeds gradually declined as the distance from the parent plants increased. The model that explained the relationship between the number and distance of the dispersed seeds was produced by using a generalized linear model procedure. More than 95, 99, and 99.9% of the produced seeds stayed within 3.5, 5.0, and 6.5 m after natural pod dehiscence. Knowing these values is useful for evaluating the level of invasive risk by mechanical seed dispersal. The goal of the work is to efficiently and deliberately prevent hybridization by isolating genetically modified soybean fields and wild soybean populations by vegetation management, including weeding and setting up specific‐width buffer zones.     

Integration of soil, crop and weed management in low-external-input farming systems

Greater adoption and refinement of low-external-input (LEI) farming systems have been proposed as ways to ameliorate economic, environmental and health problems associated with conventional farming systems. Organic soil amendments and crop diversification are basic components of LEI systems. Weed scientists can improve the use of these practices for weed management by improving knowledge of four relevant ecological mechanisms. First, multispecies crop rotations, intercrops and cover crops may reduce opportunities for weed growth and regeneration through resource competition and niche disruption. Secondly, weed species appear to be more susceptible to phytotoxic effects of crop residues and other organic soil amendments than crop species, possibly because of differences in seed mass. Thirdly, delayed patterns of N availability in LEI systems may favour large-seeded crops over small-seeded weeds. Finally, additions of organic materials can change the incidence and severity of soil-borne diseases affecting weeds and crops. Our research on LEI sweetcorn and potato production systems in central and northern Maine (USA) suggests that these mechanisms can reduce weed density and growth while maintaining crop yields. Low-external-input farming systems will advance most quickly through the application of interdisciplinary research focused on these and other ecological mechanisms.     

子午岭主要森林类型土壤种子库研究

对子午岭天然油松林、人工油松林、人工落叶松林、人工刺槐林四种林分的土壤种子库特征初步研究结果表明 :人工油松林种子库储量平均为 675 .9粒 /m2 ,人工刺槐林为648.8粒 /m2 ,人工落叶松林为 839.4粒 /m2 ,天然油松林为 45 5粒 /m2 ,各林分土壤种子库储量属中等水平 ;本次调查的天然油松林种子库种子活力为零 ,人工油松林种子库活力种子占 0 .5 % ,人工落叶松林种子库活力种子占 4.2 % ,刺槐林种子库活力种子占 74.4%。除人工刺槐林种子库种子质量较高外 ,针叶林各林分种子库种子质量都较差 ;人工油松林林下油松幼苗的分布密度平均为 1～ 3株 /m2 ,人工刺槐林林下多见灌木幼苗 ,另两种林分林下幼苗较少 ,表明不同林分土壤种子库种子都具有一定的萌发能力 ;从各林分土壤种子库的组成看 ,主要树种的种子在种子库中所占比例都在 85 %以上 ,人工油松林土壤种子库物种多样性指数较高 ,而其它林分土壤种子库物种多样性指数均较小 ;土壤种子库中 80 %左右的种子集中分布在枯枝落叶层和 0 - 2 cm土壤层中 ,下层种子数量很少 ;方差分析表明 ,枯枝落叶层厚度、树高、郁闭度、胸径等因子变化对土壤种子库储量影响显著。综合分析认为 ,子午岭主要森林类型土壤种子库能够为林分的天然更新提供基本条件。     

不同绿豆品种萌发期的自毒作用研究

采用晋绿2号、豫绿2号、郑绿5号、中绿8号等4个绿豆品种的幼苗植株浸提液浸种处理后进行种子发芽试验,通过对种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数及幼苗叶绿素含量、根系活力和过氧化物酶(POD)活性等指标的测定,比较了不同绿豆品种萌发期的自毒作用.结果显示:与用蒸馏水浸种培养处理相比,发芽率和发芽指数变化不明显,种子活力指数、发芽势、叶绿素含量、POD活性和苗高下降,而幼苗根系活力升高,说明4个绿豆品种均有自毒作用;测定结果还表明,4个绿豆品种的自毒作用强弱有差异,自毒效应大小顺序为:晋绿2号＞郑绿5号＞中绿8号＞豫绿2号.     

The establishment of Taraxacum officinale plants in grassland

Factors involved in the establishment of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) seedlings in grasslands and plant mortality in the first growing season were studied during 2008–2011. The study was conducted at 11 grassland sites that differed in the quantity of seed rain and the intensity of seedling predation by slugs. In April, of each study year, 10 plots open to the sedimentation of naturally dispersed seeds were established at each site, five plots of which were also sown with 250 T. officinale seeds each. The amount of natural seed rain, slug feeding activity and number of plants in each plot were then recorded at monthly intervals. Seed rain and seedling predation accounted for c. 50% of the variation in seedling establishment. Populations of established seedlings then declined through October, at which point they were at 25% of the original abundance on average. The percentage of plants that survived varied among sites and years. The temporal and spatial variation in T. officinale establishment and survival of young plants was enormous, even within a small area. Predation of seedlings by slugs can effectively prevent the establishment of T. officinale in grassland. This only occurred, however, at slug abundances not acceptable under conditions of public access.     

5种种衣剂防治小麦主要土传病害研究

研究了5种种衣剂对小麦土传病害纹枯病、全蚀病和根腐病的防治效果。结果表明,230g/L吡虫啉·苯醚·咯悬浮种衣剂综合防治效果优于其他药剂处理,对小麦纹枯病的防治效果为73.51%～95.05%,对小麦全蚀病的防治效果为73.01%～87.41%,对小麦根腐病的防治效果为65.51%～92. 09%。按药效其次依次是60g/L戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂、30g/L苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂、25g/L咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂、15%多·福悬浮种衣剂。随着小麦的生长,各处理的防效逐渐降低,但直到枯白穗期还有一定防治效果。同时230g/L吡虫啉·苯醚·咯悬浮种衣剂对小麦增产作用明显。     

吉林省向日葵菌核病综合防治措施研究及大面积应用效果

在重茬4年的重病地块晚播(5月20日—25日)向日葵,其花腐型菌核病比正常播期(4月25日)减少90％以上,而产量提高13％—30％。在农村扩大示范,晚播(5月19日)减少病害59％—75％,产量提高35％。在盛花期—成熟期喷2—3次50％速克灵500倍液可大大减轻花腐型菌核病的发生(防治效果65.9％—92.3％)。经筛选以速克灵(0.5％)拌种防治根腐型菌核病效果最好,在温室中对土壤和种子中的病菌防治效果达83％以上,小区试验和农村示范防治效果达55.8％—100％。土壤中增施钾肥可提高植株抗病力,减轻发病。1990年在吉林省农安、长岭2县8533ha采用晚播、轮作2年以上、种子处理、增施钾肥、盛花期—成熟期喷药的一套综合防治措施,重点调查10块对比田,花腐型菌核病平均防治效果为87.62％(63.38％—100％),对根腐型菌核病防治效果平均为66.77％(50.0％—82.57％)。1991年在长岭、农安等6个主产区推广6.37万ha,重点调查134块对比田,花腐型菌核病防治效果平均为75.86％(46.37％—100％),根腐型菌核病平均防治效果为65.11％(33.33％—100％),增产增收显著。