生物炭制备及其对土壤理化性质影响的研究进展

生物炭作为一种新型的土壤改良剂和吸附剂,近年来成为农业、环境、能源等领域的关注热点。生物炭是通过有机物质在缺氧的条件下热解形成的,不同的原料及生产条件都会对生物炭的性质产生影响。生物炭能够能够改良土壤,改善土壤的容重、总孔隙度和保水性,还可以调节土壤的酸碱度,增强土壤阳离子交换量（CEC）,提高土壤养分。系统总结了生物炭生产方法、理化特性及其对土壤理化性质的影响,为优选生物炭、提升生物炭产品附加值、促进土壤改良提供理论支撑。     

蝟实的研究开发与利用进展

蝟实是中国特有的忍冬科单种属濒危植物,目前主要用于观赏园艺。通过野外生境调查、系统收集蝟实研究文献的基础上,总结了蝟实的繁殖技术,主要依靠无性繁殖和有性繁殖。简述了蝟实红色花瓣和白色花瓣的色素含量和色素成分。归纳了蝟实生态群落的特征、栽培技术及濒危原因。提出建立保护区、迁地保护、加强环境教育3种措施加强对蝟实的保护。认为今后加强种群数量的时空动态方面的研究,从种群的分布格局、发育规律以及年龄结构等方面对种群未来的趋势进行科学的预测。加强蝟实群体的遗传多样性水平和种群的遗传结构的研究,探索蝟实的进化潜能以及同环境相适应的关系。     

野豌豆属植物化学成分及其药理活性研究进展

为了更好的开发利用野豌豆属植物资源,通过查阅国内外相关文献,系统总结了野豌豆属植物的化学成分及药理活性方面的研究进展。目前文献报道的化学成分主要有萜类、黄酮类、氨基酸等,药理活性有抗氧化、抗菌、抗癌、降糖尿病、保肝、抗帕金森病等。最后,对野豌豆属植物的研究方向和前景进行了展望。     

索引

化肥和农药的使用对农业生产具有极大的促进作用,但也伴随着环境污染问题。本研究对广东省1987-2013年的化肥施用总量,氮肥、钾肥、磷肥、复合肥、农药的施用量和单位面积施用量、化肥施用强度等进行分析。研究发现：自1987年开始,广东省农业化肥施用总量、氮肥、钾肥、磷肥、复合肥、农药施用量逐年递增,但增幅各不相同;钾肥和复合肥增长较多;化肥施用强度不断增加,2012年比1987年增长了2.87倍,远远超过了国际上公认的化肥施用安全上限(225 kg/hm2)。广东农业化肥和农药施用量在改革开放初期、城镇化发展初期、种植结构调整期和政策调整期,均表现出不同的特征。     

不同前茬作物对烤烟生长及化学成分的影响

以烤烟品种K326为试验材料,通过田间试验研究一年两熟条件下水稻、黑麦草、菊苣、红薯4种前茬作物对烟株生长及烟叶化学成分的影响。结果表明:前茬作物为水稻的烟株田间长势明显优于其他处理,烟叶化学成分也比其他处理更为协调。前茬作物为菊苣和红薯的烟株田间长势差别不明显,前作为红薯的烟株烟叶钾含量比其他处理低。前茬作物为黑麦草的烟株田间长势最差,且烟叶化学成分协调性不如其他处理。     

Rapid compositional analysis of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using visible‐near infrared reflectance spectroscopy

Rapid measurement of salmon flesh quality parameters (>400 samples day^?1) was demonstrated in the laboratory and remotely at industrial sites. Visible‐near infrared spectroscopy (VNIRS) was applied to predict astaxanthin (AX) and fat content in farmed Atlantic salmon. Fish were sampled from thirteen batches (1–6 kg whole weight, containing 2.3–16.3% fat and 1.2–12.5 μg g^?1 AX), and models validated on small (average ± SD: 1.4 ± 0.4 kg) and large fish (4.2 ± 0.9 kg). Both constituents were well predicted in minced Norwegian Quality Cutlet (NQC) samples (r² ≥ 0.86; standard error of prediction (SEP) ≤0.7% for fat and ≤0.7 μg g^?1 for AX). Comparable metrics were observed for AX prediction in whole NQCs (r² = 0.80–0.88; SEP 0.7 μg g^?1). Fat was better predicted in small fish than large fish for whole NQCs (r² = 0.82, SEP 1.0% cf r² = 0.59, SEP = 0.59%) and non‐destructive scanning through the skin of whole, gutted fish (r² = 0.77, SEP = 1.2% cf r² = 0.49, SEP = 1.5%). Models were also developed for screening polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations, e.g. in NQCs for docosahexaenoic acid (r² = 0.73) and n‐3:n‐6 PUFA (r² = 0.89).     

祁连山东段不同高寒灌丛草地土壤性状特征变化

为探讨祁连山东段不同高寒灌丛草地土壤性状的变化,在该区内选取了金露梅（Porentilla fruticosa）、柳（Salix）和杜鹃（Rhododendron）3类高寒灌丛草地,研究了不同高寒灌丛草地土壤物理和化学性状特征变化。结果表明：高寒灌丛草地土壤理化性状差异显著。土壤含水量表现为杜鹃灌丛草地>柳灌丛草地>金露梅灌丛草地;容重表现为金露梅灌丛草地>柳灌丛草地>杜鹃灌丛草地;总孔隙度表现为柳灌丛草地>杜鹃灌丛草地>金露梅灌丛草地;杜鹃灌丛草地土壤有机质含量最高为127.638 g·kg^-1,金露梅灌丛草地最低为89.954 g·kg^-1;土壤全P、全K和速效N,P,K含量均表现为杜鹃灌丛草地>柳灌丛草地>金露梅灌丛草地,土壤全N含量金露梅灌丛草地最大为2.912 g·kg^-1,杜鹃灌丛草地最小为2.586 g·kg^-1。相关性分析表明,3类高寒灌丛草地的土壤性状的各个因子之间有显著的相关关系。     

黄栌属种质资源、栽培繁殖、化学成分、叶色调控研究进展

就黄栌属种质资源分布、栽培管理、繁殖及资源利用、化学成分及叶色研究等方面归纳总结了国内外的研究成果,对黄栌光照、水分、土壤营养等栽培管理条件,病虫害防治办法及种子繁殖、嫁接、扦插、组织培养等繁殖技术进行了详细总结,重点对叶色研究、药用成分进行了阐述,从遗传育种、叶色、化学成分利用等方面对今后的研究方向进行了展望,指出黄栌新品种选育、叶色人工调控、功能成分研究利用及黄栌枯萎病的防治是黄栌属植物今后研究的重点。     

Integrating preventive and curative non‐chemical weed control strategies for concrete block pavements

Reduction in herbicide use in non‐agricultural areas is being imposed by a growing number of governments, triggering the development of alternative strategies for weed prevention and control. This study aimed to determine the weed preventive abilities of different paving types, the required treatment frequency of non‐chemical weed control scenarios on these pavements and the associated weed species composition. A test parking area, constructed with four concrete paving types, was sown with a mixture of dominant weed species. Six scenarios with repeated use of a single weed control method (brushing with waste removal, hot air, selective application of hot water and three scenarios with flaming) and two scenarios with alternating use of brushes and hot air were applied to control the weeds during two growing seasons. Treatments were applied at well‐defined intervention moments, based upon weed development. Over 2 years, the paving types differed in weed coverage (up to a fourfold difference) and required varying treatment frequency (up to a 11‐fold difference) with lowest values for pavings with porous pavers. Within most paving types, up to 28% lower treatment frequencies were found for selective application of hot water, as compared with all other single method scenarios. Shifts in weed composition occurred in plots treated repeatedly with the same technique. Paving type determined the chances for the establishment of different weed species and alternating non‐chemical control methods with different modes of action offered the best opportunity to keep weeds under control.     

Reduced weed growth with different paving constructions

The recent phaseout of herbicide use on public pavements in Flanders has triggered the development of alternative weed control strategies. Besides the search for effective non‐chemical curative methods, there is also a need for strategies that prevent or reduce weed growth on pavements. In this study a paving experiment was set up under a rain shelter to investigate the effects of four construction factors on weed growth: joint filling material, joint width, organic pollution of the joint filling material and type of bedding layer. Paving mini‐plots were oversown with a mixture of dominant, hard‐to‐control weed species found on pavements. The inhibitory effect on weeds was determined by examining initial weed density and weed coverage over a 2‐year period. More weed growth was found in pavings with wide joints and organically polluted joint filling materials. High permeability of the bedding layer resulted in higher weed cover. The coarse‐grained filling materials and the sodium silicate‐enriched sand Dansand^® were associated with less weed cover than the fine‐grained filling materials. Our results show there is potential for preventing weed growth using suitable paving materials and appropriate high‐standard construction and maintenance of pavements.