盐阳离子类型对红壤裂缝开闭规律的影响

为了探究灌溉水中盐离子浓度及类型对土壤裂缝变化过程的影响,为南方灌溉用水安全提供数据理论支持,采用蒸馏水配置15.0,10.0,5.0和2.5 g/L等4个质量浓度梯度的NaCl,KCl,CaCl2和MgCl2等4种类型溶液,分别浸泡南方亚热带地区的典型红壤,并且采用恒温蒸发模拟干燥过程和喷湿法模拟增湿过程,结合数字图...     

气候变化下河北省宁晋县参考作物蒸散量变化趋势及敏感性分析

【目的】深入分析宁晋县气候变化及其蒸散发的变化,为该区域的作物种植管理和灌溉计划制定提供参考。【方法】根据1981—2018年河北省宁晋县气象站的逐日气象资料,计算了极端气候指数,并利用FAO56Penman-Monteith公式计算了参考作物蒸散量(ET0)。分析了各气象要素、极端气候指数和ET0的变化趋势,并利用敏感性分析找出影响ET0变化的主要气象因子。【结果】1981—2018年河北省宁晋县降水量无明显变化趋势,平均温度呈显著上升趋势,日照时间、相对湿度和风速呈显著下降趋势;极端高温指标呈上升趋势,极端低温指标呈下降趋势,极端降水指标无显著变化。【结论】相对湿度是ET0年均值主要影响因子;夏季对ET0月均值影响最大的气象因素为净辐射,其他季节,相对湿度对其影响最大;风速和辐射的降低不仅抵消了温度升高和相对湿度降低对ET0的正影响,还使得ET0呈下降趋势,但下降趋势不显著。     

Modelling the effect of environmental change on shorebirds: A case study on Poole Harbour, UK

An individuals-based model, MORPH, was used to assess the quality of Poole Harbour, UK, for five overwintering shorebirds: dunlin Calidris alpina, redshank Tringa totanus, black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa, oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus and curlew Numenius arquata. Site quality, and the effect of environmental change, was measured as predicted overwinter survival. Dunlin had the highest prey biomass densities and were the least likely to be affected by reductions in their food supply, lower temperatures or loss of terrestrial habitats. Black-tailed godwits and curlew had the lowest prey biomass densities and were the most likely to be affected by reductions in their food supply, lower temperatures and loss of terrestrial habitats. All five shorebird species were seriously affected by simulated sea-level rise. Conservation issues identified for the Poole Harbour SPA were the relatively low densities of larger size classes of polychaete worms, the importance of maintaining and managing surrounding terrestrial habitats and the effect of sea-level rise on the length of time for which intertidal food supplies are available.     

紫花苜蓿耗水规律及灌溉制度优化研究

为研究河套灌区紫花苜蓿的耗水规律,同时对现有灌溉制度进行优化,在田间试验的基础上,设置不同灌水水平对前两茬苜蓿进行了研究。结果表明:现蕾期和开花期是紫花苜蓿耗水的旺盛阶段,该阶段土壤水分亏缺会直接影响苜蓿产量的形成。通过多元线性回归的方法求解得到了两茬紫花苜蓿各生育期的敏感性系数,分别在0.103~0.731和0.041~0.375之间,且以现蕾期和开花期为最大,说明这两个生育阶段为苜蓿生长的关键阶段。以Jensen模型为基础,采用最小二乘法初步优化了两茬紫花苜蓿生育期内的灌溉制度,第1茬灌溉定额以1 400 m3/hm~2为宜,第2茬以2 300 m3/hm~2为宜,两茬灌水次数分别以4次和5次为最优。     

气候变化对黄河中上游地区潜在蒸散影响的估算

采用Penman—Monteith公式计算潜在蒸散,分析1961-2010年黄河中上游地区气候因子的变化趋势,并用偏微分方法定量分析各气候因子变化对潜在蒸散的影响。结果显示：1）近50年来黄河中上游地区气温显著升高（α〈0．01）,风速和日照时间显著减少（α〈0．01）。半干旱区面积不断扩大,气候总体呈暖干变化趋势。2）潜在蒸散对实际水汽压变化最敏感,其次为最高气温、风速和日照时间,对最低气温变化最不敏感。夏季潜在蒸散对日最高气温最敏感,其他季节对实际水汽压最敏感。3）风速对年潜在蒸散变化贡献最大,其次为气温和日照时间,实际水汽压贡献最小。春夏秋冬对潜在蒸散变化贡献最大的气候因子依次为风速、日照时间、气温。温度升高、湿度减少埘潜在蒸散的正影响已被风速、辐射下降的负影响所抵消。综合考虑各气候因子对潜在蒸散的作用有助于加深对气候变化影响机制的认识,并为气候变化适应对策研究提供科学依据。     

中国芦苇湿地生态系统固碳潜力探讨

本文介绍芦苇湿地生态系统在固碳减排和构建高碳汇生态系统中的作用和意义,探讨滩涂芦苇作为生物质能作物的潜力和相关问题。芦苇作为适合河湖湿地和滩涂湿地生长的湿生植物,具有极高的生物量和土壤碳库储存,可视为高碳汇生态系统。且芦苇为非粮作物,含有丰富的纤维素,具有开发生物质能生产燃料乙醇的潜力。建议保护、恢复和发展芦苇湿地,并把芦苇纤维素生物质能的生产列入到国家应对气候变化战略中     

中国退耕还林工程驱动下的滇东南喀斯特山区近八年土地利用变化研究——以文山县为例

以滇东南喀斯特山区的文山县为例,分析其2000~2008年间退耕还林工程驱动下的土地利用变化状况,结果表明,近8年来,文山县土地利用变化基本特点表现为耕地、园地、林地及建设用地面积均有所增加,荒草地及裸地等未利用土地面积明显减少;退耕还林工程的成效较为明显,林地面积有所增加,部分陡坡耕地得以实现生态退耕,但也有部分良田好地被生态退耕而转为林地、园地和荒草地,且退耕总量主要是＜25°缓坡耕地,与国家耕地保护政策显著不符。尤其应当看到的是,林地的增加量和增幅远远低于耕地的增加量和增幅,同时,一边实施生态退耕、一边又毁林开垦、且毁林开垦量明显大于生态退耕量的现象应当引起重视。     

山西忻州地区植物物候与气候变化特征分析

摘要：本文利用了忻州市、五台县的气象和物候资料,并运用距平分析法、回归分析法、M-K突变分析法,分析其特征。结果显示,1）忻州、五台两个农业气象站点,年平均气温冷暖交替变化,年降水量逐年减小。2）两个农业气象站的植物,春季物候期均呈提前趋势。秋季物候期表现不一致,忻州市秋季物候期的平均倾向率为1.29d/a,整体趋势表现为推迟;五台县的秋季物候期,因紫丁香提前趋势相对较大,故总体呈提前趋势。3）植物物候期与气温变化的相关性较大,而年降水量对其变化的影响较为微弱。从植物物候期突变时间可看出,其与气温、降水突变时间同步或紧随其后,且对气温的小幅变化反应敏感。     

Climate change impacts and potential benefits of drought and heat tolerance in chickpea in South Asia and East Africa

Using CROPGRO-Chickpea model (revised version), we investigated the impacts of climate change on the productivity of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) at selected sites in South Asia (Hisar, Indore and Nandhyal in India and Zaloke in Myanmar) and East Africa (Debre Zeit in Ethiopia, Kabete in Kenya and Ukiriguru in Tanzania). We also investigated the potential benefits of incorporating drought and heat tolerance traits in chickpea using the chickpea model and the virtual cultivars approach. As compared to the baseline climate, the climate change by 2050 (including CO₂) increased the yield of chickpea by 17% both at Hisar and Indore, 18% at Zaloke, 25% at Debre Zeit and 18% at Kabete; whereas the yields decreased by 16% at Nandhyal and 7% at Ukiriguru. The yield benefit due to increased CO₂ by 2050 ranged from 7 to 20% across sites as compared to the yields under current atmospheric CO₂ concentration; while the changes in temperature and rainfall had either positive or negative impact on yield at the sites. Yield potential traits (maximum leaf photosynthesis rate, partitioning of daily growth to pods and seed-filling duration each increased by 10%) increased the yield of virtual cultivars up to 12%. Yield benefit due to drought tolerance across sites was up to 22% under both baseline and climate change scenarios. Heat tolerance increased the yield of chickpea up to 9% at Hisar and Indore under baseline climate, and up to 13% at Hisar, Indore, Nandhyal and Ukiriguru under climate change. At other sites (Zaloke, Debre Zeit and Kabete) the incorporation of heat tolerance under climate change had no beneficial effect on yield. Considering varied crop responses to each plant trait across sites, this study was useful in prioritizing the plant traits for location-specific breeding of chickpea cultivars for higher yields under climate change at the selected sites in South Asia and East Africa.     

黑河流域金塔段降水量对当地气候变化的响应

为了得到金塔降水量对当地气候变化的响应特征,通过小波分析法等统计方法对降水量和相关气候要素资料进行分析研究。结果表明：（1）近年来金塔县降水量除秋季以外,年以及其他季节降水量均呈显著上升趋势;（2）通过对降水量的多时间尺度分析,发现42 年内存在15 年左右的尺度,1975—1982 年、1988—1996 年、2004—2014 为偏多期,1982—1988 年、1996—2004 年为偏少期;利用Mann-Kendall 法、T滑动检验发现,当地降水量在42 年内虽然出现波动,但并未出现突变;（3）在夏季,降水量与其他气象要素存在着明显的响应关系,为了找到这种关系,依次进行相关性分析发现,随着降水量的变化,气温、日照时数、地表温度均表现出增大的趋势,其中降水量和地表温度的相互关系表现最为紧密,相关系数也最高。