梅林青霉液态发酵生产纤维素酶条件的研究

研究不同培养条件对梅林青霉液体发酵产纤维素酶的影响,为此对不同碳源、氮源、pH、培养温度、摇瓶转速和摇瓶装量、发酵时间培养条件下羧甲基纤维素酶、滤纸酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶活力进行了测定.结果表明,碳源麦麸诱导效果好于稻草、玉米秸、羊草;氮源中尿素明显降低β-葡萄糖苷酶活力,豆饼、硝酸钠和蛋白胨之间影响不明显;28℃和pH5.0是产纤维素酶最佳温度与酸碱度;通过响应面与等值线分析可知,在摇床转速170～180 r·min-1,摇瓶装量30～40 mL时,羧甲基纤维素酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶显示较高活性;摇床转速140～150 r·min-1,摇瓶装量40～50 mL时,滤纸酶显示较高活性;梅林青霉在Bioengineering的NLF19生物反应器液体发酵大约11 d时3种酶活力达到最高.     

两种白腐菌降解油菜秸秆效果的研究

研究两种白腐菌N1和N2及三种固体培养料配方(1、2和3)对油菜秸秆纤维性物质(纤维素、半纤维素和木质素)降解率和粗蛋白水平的影响.结果表明,随着发酵时间的延长, N1和N2对油菜秸秆中纤维素、半纤维素及木质素的降解率和粗蛋白含量的提高均有增加的趋势;木质素降解效率N1前20d高于后20d,并一直保持较高水平,说明N1菌株有优先选择降解木质素特性,N1优于N2(P＜0.01);同一菌株,配方1均好于配方2和3(P＜0.01).     

高产纤维素酶菌株的筛选及其产酶条件研究

为了得到高产纤维素酶菌株和确定其最优生产发酵工艺,采用比色法对供试的Z1、Z2、Z3、W2、W5、FG10、FG209、H8和A8等9株真菌进行筛选,对筛选出的高产纤维素酶菌株进行初步鉴定,并对其最佳产酶条件进行了研究。结果表明,FG10和FG20为高产纤维素酶菌株;FG10的最适产酶条件为豆粕0.3 g/kg,pH 4.8,35℃培养48 h;FG20的最适产酶条件为油渣0.2 g/kg,pH 4.4,35℃培养48 h;2株菌均属曲霉属,其中菌株FG10为烟曲霉,菌株FG20为米曲霉。     

棉花纤维发育后期纤维素形成过程的研究

1989年～1990年选用陆地棉(G.hirstum L.)北农1号品种(BAU No.1)和海岛棉(G.barbadense L.)海7124品种(Hai—7124)为材料,对棉花纤维发育后期的纤维素形成过程进行了研究。结果表明:随着纤维的发育还原性糖含量逐渐下降,纤维素含量逐渐上升。其含量变化高峰期出现的顺序为:还原性糖——纤维素。开花后45天左右(40 DPA～50 DPA)是棉纤维发育后期的一个重要的生化代谢转折期。温度与还原性糖含量的变化率、纤维素含量的变化率呈极显著正相关(分别为 r=0.837~(**)和 r=0.972~(**))。低温对纤维素合成的抑制作用是通过抑制还原性糖的提供而限制纤维素沉积量的累积的。     

新疆棉区日最低气温对棉纤维次生壁加厚期蔗糖代谢的影响

 【目的】研究日均最低气温对棉纤维中蔗糖代谢、纤维素沉积和纤维比强度形成的影响,揭示棉纤维强力变化的机理。【方法】通过分期播种,使棉铃发育处于不同的低温环境下,研究不同低温水平对新疆棉纤维发育过程中蔗糖代谢中相关物质含量变化、调控蔗糖代谢的关键酶活性变化的影响及与纤维素沉积的关系。【结果】正常播期条件下,棉株中部棉铃纤维中蔗糖合成酶（SS）和蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性高,蔗糖转化彻底,纤维素累积时间长且累积平稳,最终纤维素含量高、纤维强力增加。播期推迟,棉铃发育过程中夜间温度降低,纤维中SPS活性下降、酸性转化酶（AI）和碱性转化酶（NI）活性升高,造成果糖含量明显上升,影响纤维素的沉积。【结论】棉纤维加厚期＜15.3℃的日均最低气温影响了蔗糖代谢关键酶活性的变化,引起蔗糖转化率下降,果糖循环速率减缓并在纤维中大量富集。     

嗜热厌氧纤维素降解菌对纤维素的粘附及其酶活性研究

本项研究表明，嗜热厌氧纤维素降解细菌Clostridium sp.EVA1在降解纤维素的过程中，菌体对不溶性纤维素底物具有强烈的粘附作用。在透明圈中参与纤维素降解的菌体周围具有波纹状突起结构，并且菌体与纤维素的粘附位点是一个电子致密区域。该菌株产生的纤维素酶是与细胞相连的胞外酶，培养液中无纤维素酶活性。以脱脂棉花为碳源培养产生的纤维素酶活性最大。该菌株纤维素酶在70℃下具有最大的酶活性。     

大量分离松材线虫幼虫及获得无菌幼虫的方法

利用松材线虫成虫和幼虫在比重和运动性方面的差异,通过在0.3%羧甲基纤维素钠盐溶液中沉降而得到分离。并在4℃条件下用3%H2O2处理松材线虫幼虫60 min而得到无菌幼虫。     

纤维素复合酶对小麦日粮酶解效果的研究

通过使用不同添加量饲用纤维素复合酶在不同时间预消化处理小麦日粮,研究饲用纤维素复合酶添加量对小麦日粮酶解效果的影响。试验结果表明：添加饲用纤维素复合酶对小麦日粮的酶解率、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维有影响,但并不是饲用纤维素复合酶的添加量越高作用效果越明显。在36h处理组中,饲用纤维素复合酶添加量在0．2‰水平下,酶解效果最好,与添加量为0．12％。与0．16％。相比,差异极显著（P〈0．01）;在12h、48h处理组中,饲用纤维素复合酶添加量为0．12％。与0．16％。0．2‰水平的相比,差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

Resistance mechanism to carboxylic acid amide fungicides in the cucurbit downy mildew pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis

BACKGROUND: Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the causal oomycete agent of cucurbit downy mildew, is responsible for enormous crop losses in many species of Cucurbitaceae, particularly in cucumber and melon. Disease control is mainly achieved by combinations of host resistance and fungicide applications. However, since 2004, resistance to downy mildew in cucumber has been overcome by the pathogen, thus driving farmers to rely only on fungicide spray applications, including carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides. Recently, CAA‐resistant isolates of P. cubensis were recovered, but the underlying mechanism of resistance was not revealed. The purpose of the present study was to identify the molecular mechanism controlling resistance to CAAs in P. cubensis. RESULTS: The four CesA (cellulose synthase) genes responsible for cellulose biosynthesis in P. cubensis were characterised. Resistant strains showed a mutation in the CesA3 gene, at position 1105, leading to an amino acid exchange from glycine to valine or tryptophan. Cross‐resistance tests with different CAAs indicated that these mutations lead to resistance against all tested CAAs. CONCLUSION: Point mutations in the CesA3 gene of P. cubensis lead to CAA resistance. Accurate monitoring of these mutations among P. cubensis populations may improve/facilitate adequate recommendation/deployment of fungicides in the field. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of solid residues from the cellulose industry on plant growth

An alternative use of solid organic and inorganic residues as fertilizers from a Kraft pulp industry was studied. Residues of inorganic nature, such as ashes, fly‐ashes, dregs, grits, as well those rich in organic matter, primary sludge and brown stock rejects, were examined for plant growth enhancement. These residues, all alkaline in nature, used in different concentrations together with soil, bark, organic soil or mixed with a nutrient solution, were tested on the growth of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata), Eucalyptus globulus, rice (Oryza sativa. cv. ‘Diamante’), and duckweed (Lemna minor) under greenhouse and in‐vitro conditions, respectively. Responses varied according to plant species, type, and waste content in combination with substrate. For Monterey pine, substrates including ash, fly‐ash, and dregs promoted growth; in Eucalyptus seedlings dregs and fly‐ash were also beneficial. Primary sludge and ash were favorable for rice growth. Duckweed increased frond number and plant biomass when grown in water containing fly‐ash and primary sludge extracts, combined with nutrient salts.