草地生态系统中植被冠层截留的研究进展

草地植被冠层截留是草地生态系统对降水再分配的主要过程,属于草地生态系统蒸散发的组分之一。由于草地植被冠层截留常在草地生态系统水量平衡研究中被忽略而导致蒸散发组分的划分中存在误差。因此,讨论草地植被冠层截留对草地生态水文学的研究具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。本论文通过对目前草地植被冠层截留研究的现状和存在问题,从草地植被冠层截留的测定方法和主要的影响因素（环境因子和植被特征）2方面论述草地植被冠层截留的研究进展。分析发现,草地植被冠层截留的影响因素研究主要集中在降水特征、气象条件、放牧和植被特征等方面,各因素的综合影响研究仍然非常缺乏,测定方法的准确性有待评估。     

三江源区不同高寒草地植物矿物元素含量特征及分析

本试验对三江源区不同高寒草地植物中6种矿物元素（钾K,钙Ca,钠Na,镁Mg,锌Zn,铁Fe）的含量进行了测定和分析,结果表明：植物中K元素含量为7.314～12.803 g·kg^-1之间,Ca元素含量为2.851～6.823 g·kg^-1之间,Na元素含量为64.404～185.553 mg·kg^-1之间,Mg元素含量为1.272～2.655 g·kg^-1之间,Zn元素含量为14.718～51.387 mg·kg^-1之间,Fe元素含量为161.056～531.677 mg·kg^-1之间;豆科（Leguminosae）植物和杂类草（Forbs）矿物元素含量显著高于禾本科（Gramineae）和莎草科（Cyperaceae）植物;植物中K元素与Mg元素、Ca元素与Na元素、Ca元素与Zn元素、Na元素与Zn元素含量之间呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,Ca元素与Fe元素、Mg元素与Fe元素之间呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）;根据美国国家研究理事会（National research council,NRC）绵羊日粮矿物元素需求标准,三江源区各草地植物中Na,Zn元素相对缺乏,其它4种元素均能满足放牧藏羊的矿物营养需求。     

产漆酶真菌对高寒草甸土壤有机质矿化特性的研究

为了了解产漆酶微生物真菌对高寒草甸土壤有机质的矿化作用及其特性,实验采用室内密闭静置培养法,对添加产漆酶真菌Marasmius tricolor 310b发酵粗酶液对高寒草甸土壤生物活性有机碳库的影响进行了研究。结果表明：与对照组相比,添加产漆酶真菌Marasmius tricolor 310b发酵粗酶液后,在整个培养期内土壤CO₂释放量和微生物生物量碳含量随培养时间的延长,呈现不断下降的趋势,35 d后趋于稳定;在整个培养周期,微生物呼吸熵的变化总体呈对数降低趋势,处理组符合方程y=-9.964ln （x）+32.281（R²=0.9744）,对照组符合方程y=-9.788ln （x）+28.683（R²=0.95）,处理组土壤CO₂的累计释放量始终高于对照组（P<0.05）,说明菌株310b促进了土壤有机质矿化作用。土壤有机碳含量在培养前期开始降低,但差异不显著,15 d后处理组的土壤有机碳含量低于对照组（P<0.05）,说明不同阶段产漆酶真菌对有机质的周转速率不同,推测产漆酶真菌对有机质的转化作用与土壤环境条件有关。     

The evolution and application of enzymes in the animal feed industry: the role of data interpretation

ABSTRACT

1. Enzymes have been used commercially for nearly 40 years and save significant costs through sparing of expensive nutrients but the mechanism by which this is achieved is still debated.

2. The research focused on non-starch polysaccharidase (NSPase) enzymes is used as an example of where greater progress could have been made if the details of the work had been described more fully and the analysis of the data generated had been broader in scope and more critical.

3. Lack of standardisation of the details presented in the materials and methods has been identified as a significant barrier to meaningful retrospective analysis and thus limits advances in the understanding of the mode of action of these enzymes.

4. The identity of the enzyme employed and its activity is often lacking, and more importantly the purity is rarely disclosed. Contaminant activities which are neither listed nor assayed could play a significant role in the responses observed.

5. The dose optimum of most enzymes is often considerably higher than that employed in most studies. Thus studies claiming synergy between two ‘activities’ should ensure that the response is not related to each enzyme simply augmenting the dose of just one activity in the finished feed. This is a common problem, and coupled with the lack of factorial experiments to justify the presence of each enzyme in a multi-enzyme product, it is not surprising that there is still debate as to whether single or multi-enzymes are best suited poultry rations.

6. The three proposed mechanisms for NSPases (viscosity, cell wall and prebiotic) are discussed, and along with their strengths and weaknesses it is suggested that a re-evaluation of each is needed. Viscosity may have to be re-evaluated as being a function not only of the cereal being fed, but of the age of the animal as well. The cell wall theory as described is poorly modelled in vitro and hence the validity of these data is questioned. The prebiotic theory may need significant modification as it appears that the quantities of oligomers produced are insufficient to generate the additional volatile fatty acids (VFA)’s reported. It is likely that all three mechanisms play a role in the responses observed, but the prebiotic mechanism probably plays by far the most important part in low viscosity diets.

7. Future research would be improved if it considered all potential mechanisms when designing a trial. Significant failings are apparent as a result of adherence to tenets in explanation of the results. Most importantly, it should be emphasised that a hypothesis is there to be tested, not defended.     

Cardiac troponins in canine babesiosis

This study compared the sensitivity of ECG and cardiac troponins to predict cardiac histopathological changes, clinical severity, and survival in canine babesiosis. One control group (n = 9) and 4 groups of dogs with mild uncomplicated babesiosis (n = 8), severe uncomplicated babesiosis (n = 9), complicated babesiosis (n = 8), and babesiosis and concurrent immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) (n = 9) were studied. A 1-minute lead II ECG was recorded, and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and T (cTnT) concentrations in plasma were measured. cTnI concentrations were significantly higher in the complicated (mean, 9.9; SE, +/-5.76) and concurrent IMHA (mean, 6.53; SE, +/-4.32) groups and in the 3 dogs that died of the disease (mean, 22.17; SE, +/-12.85) than in the control dogs (concentration below detection limit of test, -0.3 ng/mL). The 3 nonsurvivors had the most severe cardiac histopathological changes, but no arrhythmia and minimal other ECG changes. Dogs with babesiosis developed a variety of ECG abnormalities, but the abnormalities were not associated with disease severity, outcome, or plasma cardiac troponin concentrations. The exception was the presence of ventricular premature complexes (VPCs), which were associated with high cardiac troponin concentrations. This study showed an association between cTnI concentration and histological changes, clinical severity, and survival and no correlation between ECG abnormalities and histological changes or biochemical evidence of myocardial damage as reflected by cTnI concentrations. From this study, it was concluded that the analysis of plasma cTnI is a feasible and sensitive test and is superior to cTnT in diagnosing cardiac involvement in dogs with babesiosis.     

进口动物性饲料中沙门氏菌的分离鉴定

通过常规分离培养鉴定技术，对上海口岸2001年1－6月份进口的动物性饲料498份进行了沙门氏菌的分离鉴定。结果共分离到沙门氏菌23株，分离率为4．62％（23／498）。其中，鱼粉164份，阳性6份，阳性率3．66％（6／164）；肉骨粉86份，阳性12份，阳性率为13．95％（12／86）；明虾壳27份，阳性5份，阳性率18．52％（5／27）；乳清粉和饲料添加剂类221份，阳性0份，阳性率0％。最终对21株沙门氏菌进行定型。     

邯郸地区鸡卡氏住白细胞虫病季节动态的研究

鸡卡氏住白细胞虫病在邯郸地区的发病季节在6月下旬至10月份，高峰期为8-9月份，阳性感染率高达100%，阳性视野可达498‰-526‰，以后逐渐下降，至12，1，2，3，4，5月份为低潮期，虽然阳性感染率为40%-60%，但阳性视野仅在5‰-22‰之间。通过捕获发病鸡舍的飞虫，进行鉴定分类，确定了荒川库蠓是邯郸地区传播本传播本病的优势种。根据邯郸地区气温变化，荒川库蠓活动的高峰期为7-8月，与发病高峰期基本相符。     

野猪生物学特性及驯养方法

介绍了野猪的生物学特性、驯化条件、驯养方法及常发病的预防。     

Dietary mannitol increased the absorption of calcium and magnesium in rats

The effect of mannitol on bone‐related mineral absorption and retention and the mechanism was investigated in this study. Fourteen 8‐week‐old male Wistar rats in experiment 1 and same number and age cecectomized Wistar male rats in experiment 2 were divided into two subgroups of seven animals, respectively, fed diets containing 0 or 4% mannitol for 28 days. Mineral balance tests were determined twice during days 8–12 and days 22–26, and the rats were slaughtered on day 28 both in experiment 1 and experiment 2. The whole caecum and colon were collected with the content to analyse tissue weight, content weight, content's pH and moisture, organic acids' concentration and mineral levels. In experiment 1, Ca absorption and retention and Mg absorption were significantly increased by mannitol feeding during days 8–12. Caecal total weight, tissue weight and content weight were increased, the pH of caecum and colon was reduced, and the concentrations of caecal short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were modified by mannitol feeding. In experiment 2, during days 8–12 and days 22–26, Ca absorption and retention were significantly lowered by mannitol feeding in cecectomized rats; however, mannitol feeding decreased Mg absorption during days 8–12, but did not impact Mg retention. Colonic total weight, tissue weight and content weight were significantly increased, and colonic pH was reduced by mannitol feeding. In conclusion, dietary mannitol increased the absorption of Ca and Mg and the caecum markedly contributed to this promoting effect of mannitol.     

中草药复合微生态制剂对急性肝脏损伤蛋鸡肝脏保护作用的研究

试验旨在研究中草药复合微生态制剂（CHCP）对急性肝脏损伤蛋鸡肝脏的保护作用。试验分两部分：①用四氯化碳豆油（SCCl₄）建立蛋鸡急性肝脏损伤模型。选取1 d健康蛋雏鸡108只随机分为4组,模型Ⅰ~Ⅲ组分别按1、2、4 mL/kg体重灌胃10%（V/V）SCCl₄,对照组按2 mL/kg体重灌胃豆油,分别在14、28及35 d时各灌胃一次;②CHCP对蛋鸡急性肝脏损伤的影响。选择1 d 健康蛋雏鸡60只随机分为5组：对照组（豆油）、模型对照组（SCCl₄）及低、中、高剂量CHCP组（SCCl₄+1‰ CHCP、SCCl₄+2‰ CHCP、SCCl₄+4‰ CHCP）,7 d起饮水使用CHCP,14、28 d按2 mL/kg体重剂量给鸡灌胃10% SCCl₄。结果表明,按2 mL/kg体重剂量在14、28 d分别灌胃10% SCCl₄即可造成蛋鸡肝脏损伤,引起肝细胞脂肪变性,空泡样变严重,核固缩,坏死;与模型对照组相比,低、中、高剂量CHCP组蛋鸡血清谷草转氨酶（AST）含量分别降低4.35%（P > 0.05）、7.57%（P > 0.05）及9.79%（P < 0.05）,中、高剂量CHCP组血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）含量分别降低34.92%（P < 0.01）、36.51%（P < 0.01）,血清总胆红素（TB）含量分别降低25.49%（P < 0.01）、27.45%（P < 0.01）;蛋鸡肝细胞切片显示CHCP不同剂量组肝细胞充血减轻,未见脂滴空泡,排列整齐,细胞质丰富而均匀。结果表明,本试验所用的CHCP按2‰、4‰饮水使用均能减少肉鸡肝细胞坏死,降低血清转氨酶活性及TB水平,对SCCl₄诱导的肝脏损伤有保护作用。