Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in Photobacterium damselae ssp. piscicida

The ability of a set of Photobacterium damselae ssp. piscicida strains isolated from different fish species to produce different superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase enzymes was determined. Unlike other bacterial pathogens, P. damselae ssp. piscicida is not able to produce different isoforms of SOD or catalase containing different metal cofactors when cultured under oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide or methyl viologen, or under iron depleted conditions. However, iron content of the growth medium influenced the levels of SOD and catalase activity in cells, these levels decreasing with iron availability of the medium. Comparison of virulent and non-virulent strains of P. damselae ssp. piscicida showed similar contents of SOD, but higher levels of catalase were detected in cells of the virulent strain. Incubation of bacteria with sole, Solea senegalensis (Kaup), phagocytes has shown that survival rates range from 19% to 62%, these rates being higher for the virulent strain. The increased levels of catalase activity detected in the virulent strain indicates a possible role for this enzyme in bacterial survival.     

Cu2+对牙鲆肌肉抗氧化防御系统的影响

将牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)置于不同浓度的Cu2+溶液中10d,测定其肌肉中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性。结果表明:随着Cu2+浓度的增高,CAT、SOD、GSH-PX的活性均表现为低浓度诱导,高浓度抑制;当处于低浓度Cu2+溶液中时,牙鲆肌肉中的SOD较CAT和GSH-PX敏感,因此其可作为水生生态系统中Cu2+低浓度暴露的一种生物检测指标。     

Overproduction of reactive oxygen species involved in the pathogenicity of Fusarium in potato tubers

Differences in virulence between Fusarium sulphureum and Fusarium sambucinum were compared. Changes in reactive oxygen species production and metabolism in inoculated slices of potato tubers were also compared. The result showed that Fusarium infection induced significant production of ROS, lipid peroxidation and loss of cell membrane integrity, but low activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Compared to F. sambucinum, F. sulphureum led larger lesion diameters on potato tubers and slices. It resulted in more superoxide anion ($O_2^{-}$) and earlier peak of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), but lower activity of catalase (CAT) and APX, and accompanied with higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content and lower cell membrane integrity. These findings suggested that overproduction of ROS involved in the pathogenicity of Fusarium in potato tubers.     

Callose and β‐1,3‐glucanase inhibit Phytophthora cinnamomi in a resistant avocado rootstock

Phytophthora root rot (PRR) of avocado, caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, is a significant threat to sustainable production wherever the crop is grown. Resistant rootstocks in combination with phosphite applications are the most effective options for managing this disease. Recently, the mechanisms underpinning PRR resistance have been investigated by the avocado community. Here, biochemical assays and confocal and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate early defence responses in PRR resistant and ‐susceptible avocado rootstocks. Zoospore germination and subsequent hyphal growth for the pathogen were significantly inhibited on the surface of resistant avocado roots. When penetration occurred in the resistant R0.06 rootstock, callose was deposited in the epidermal cells, parenchyma and cortex of roots. In addition, β‐1,3‐glucanase was released early (6 h post‐inoculation, hpi) in response to the pathogen, followed by a significant increase in catalase by 24 hpi. In contrast, susceptible R0.12 roots responded only with the deposition of lignin and phenolic compounds incapable of impeding pathogen colonization. In this study, PRR resistance was attributed to a timely multilayered response to infection by P. cinnamomi.     

氧乐果和吡虫啉对小麦过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶及过氧化氢酶活性的影响

为明确常用杀虫剂对小麦抗氧化性的影响,研究了小麦幼苗期用不同浓度氧乐果和吡虫啉的营养液处理后144 h内对其过氧化物酶(POD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。结果表明:用400、800和1 600 mg/L的氧乐果处理小麦幼苗后24 h,POD活性均显著降低;1 600 mg/L的氧乐果处理后6 h,其CAT活性比对照降低了32.9%;各浓度氧乐果处理后144 h,GR活性均显著降低。而用25、50和100 mg/L的吡虫啉处理小麦幼苗后144 h内,只有50 mg/L处理组在12 h时的POD活性比对照升高了65.0%。杀虫剂对小麦幼苗中3种抗氧化酶活性的影响不仅与药剂种类有关,还具有一定的剂量效应与时间效应。     

4种薰衣草属植物抗旱性综合评价

采用负水头供水控水装置控制盆土体积含水量,对轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫0、10、20、30 d和40 d后4种薰衣草属植物叶片相对含水量(RWC)、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖(SSC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT) 5个抗旱生理指标的变化规律开展研究,旨在对其抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明：随干旱胁迫强度和时间的增加,4种薰衣草的RWC均呈下降趋势,且轻度干旱胁迫的RWC显著高于中度和重度干旱胁迫（P＜0.05）,其中,干旱发生至重度胁迫时,普罗旺斯薰衣草的RWC最高,为56.56%,孟士德薰衣草仅为39.02%;而MDA和SSC则呈上升趋势,且随胁迫程度的增强而增加,其中,胁迫至40 d时,普罗旺斯薰衣草的MDA较0 d（CK）各处理水平增加幅度达118.67%, 而其SSC含量显著高于其它3种薰衣草。4种薰衣草的SOD和CAT活性呈先升后降的变化趋势,均于胁迫至20 d时达到最高值,且轻度干旱胁迫下的SOD和CAT活性高于中度和重度胁迫,其中,孟士德薰衣草的SOD和CAT活性最低。根据模糊数学隶属函数法综合评价分析得出,4种薰衣草抗旱性强弱依次为：狭叶薰衣草＞普罗旺斯薰衣草＞蝴蝶薰衣草＞孟士德薰衣草。     

Antioxidant role of propolis extract against oxidative damage of testicular tissue induced by insecticide chlorpyrifos in rats

Pesticides induce oxidative stress leading to generate free radicals and alternate the antioxidant or oxygen free radical scavenging enzyme system. This study was conducted to investigate the oral toxicity of chlorpyrifos toward male rat and the oxidative stress of the sub-lethal dose (9 mg/kg; 1/25 LD₅₀) on the lipid peroxidation level (LPO), reduced glutathione content (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes; catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities of testicular tissue. Also, the protective effects of propolis extract (50 mg/kg b.w.) alone or in combination with chlorpyrifos were investigated. The oral administration of chlorpyrifos significantly caused elevation in LPO level by 1.79-fold as compared to control. The activities of antioxidant enzymes including CAT, SOD, GPx and GST were decreased significantly (23.66%, 27.75%, 29.13% and 11.52%) as well as the level of GSH decreased by 21.97% in testicular tissue as compared to control animals. Co-administration of propolis extract with chlorpyrifos or alone in male rats decreased LPO level, normalized CAT, SOD GPx and GST activities, while GSH content was increased in testicular tissue. We conclude that propolis extract significantly reduces chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in rat testis and the protective effect of the pre-treatment with propolis extract as attenuating agent could be due to its antioxidant properties.     

Induction of an antioxidant enzyme system and other oxidative stress markers associated with compatible and incompatible interactions between chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.ciceris

To ascertain if active oxygen species play a role in fusarium wilt of chickpea caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, the degree of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde formation) and the activity levels of diamine oxidase (DAO), an apoplastic H₂O₂-forming oxidase, and several antioxidant enzymes, namely ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), guaiacol-dependent peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were determined spectrophotometrically in roots and stems of ‘WR315’ (resistant) and ‘JG62’ (susceptible) chickpea cultivars inoculated with the highly virulent race 5 of the pathogen. Moreover, APX, CAT, GPX and SOD were also analysed in roots and stems by gel electrophoresis and activity staining; and the protein levels of APX and SOD in roots were determined by Western blotting. In roots, infection by the pathogen increased lipid peroxidation and CAT and SOD activities, although such responses occurred earlier in the incompatible compared with the compatible interactions. APX, GPX and GR activities were also increased in infected roots, but only in the compatible interaction. In stems, infection by the pathogen increased lipid peroxidation and APX, CAT, SOD and GPX activities only in the compatible interaction, and DAO activity only in the incompatible one. In general, electrophoregrams agreed with the activity levels determined spectrophotometrically and did not reveal any differences in isoenzyme patterns between cultivars or between infected and non-infected plants. Further, Western blots revealed an increase in the root protein levels of APX in the compatible interaction and in those of SOD in both compatible and incompatible interactions. In conclusion, whereas enhanced DAO activity in stems, and earlier increases in lipid peroxidation and CAT and SOD activities in roots, can be associated with resistance to fusarium wilt in chickpea, the induction of the latter three parameters in roots and stems along with that of APX, GR (only in roots) and GPX (only in stems) activities are rather more associated with the establishment of the compatible interaction.     

额济纳盆地植物地下微生境深度范围的确定——土壤酶指示法

地下微生境位置的确定对于干旱区植被生态系统的恢复具有重要意义,但目前尚没有准确、简单可行的确定方法.应用额济纳盆地的野外调查与室内实验数据,分析了3类植物群落结构(草本 灌木组合、灌木 乔木组合及草本 灌木 乔木组合)中的土壤过氧化氢酶活性曲线.结果发现:过氧化氢酶活性曲线的各峰值区与植物群落中各生活型植物的根群位置对应,而已有研究指出植物的根群位置正与植物的地下微生境位置对应.因此,可以通过分析过氧化氢酶活性曲线来确定植物地下微生境的空间位置.