水稻对水稻土中甲磺隆结合残留的响应

Metsulfuron-methyl is one of the widely used sulfonylurea herbicides. However, approximately half of the applied metsulfuron-methyl may remain as bound residues in soil. To characterize the response of rice plants to residual metsulfuron-methyl in soil, the activities of acetolactate synthase （ALS）, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, peroxidase （POD）, and catalase （CAT） were investigated in two rice varieties that differed in susceptibility to the herbicide. Changes in the activity of these enzymes in leaves and roots of Xiushui 63, a sensitive rice variety, were greater than those in a resistant variety Zhenong 952. Irrespective of variety, changes in the enzyme activity were greater in the roots than in the leaves. The activities of ALS and CAT decreased, while the SOD activity increased with the increase in the amounts of bound residues of metsulfuron-methyl （BRM） in soil. The POD activity increased at the BRM level of 0.025 mg kg^-1, but decreased at the BRM level of 0.05 mg kg^-1. The results showed that the bound residues of sulfonylurea herbicides may affect metabolism of rice plants.     

杂种落叶松不同子代针叶内抗氧化酶活性的比较

为研究不同品种杂种落叶松针叶内抗氧化酶活性的差异,用紫外分光光度法对日本落叶松、兴安落叶松和长白落叶松的杂交后代,共2代7个家系的杂种落叶松针叶内的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性及其差异进行比较分析。结果表明:2代7个家系杂种落叶松针叶内的CAT、POD和SOD的活性差异极显著(P<0.01),F1代CAT、SOD的活性普遍高于F2代,POD活性低于F2代。在抗氧化酶方面,F1代杂种优势高于F2代,F1代日3×兴2、F2代日12×兴9等具有较好的潜在抗虫性;结合其他抗虫生理指标,该研究结果在选育落叶松抗虫品种过程中有参考价值。     

阿特拉津对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响

采用室内培养方法,研究了阿特拉津胁迫对土壤中过氧化氢酶的活性的影响。结果发现:在培养期间,阿特拉津对土壤过氧化氢酶表现为明显的抑制作用。3种模型拟合阿特拉津浓度与酶活性关系均达到显著相关关系。土壤阿特拉津对过氧化氢酶的生态阈值的平均值为103mg/kg。     

Na2SO4盐胁迫对紫穗槐酶活性的影响

对紫穗槐幼苗进行不同浓度的Na2SO4处理,测定并分析了其幼苗叶中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）及过氧化物酶（POD）活性的变化。结果表明：1）300 mmol/L的盐浓度是适宜紫穗槐生长的临界土壤盐浓度。2）紫穗槐幼苗体内活性氧的保护酶体系主要途径是由SOD催化超氧自由基,再由POD和CAT共同协作来清除SOD催化超氧自由基的产物。     

Responses of antioxidant enzymes in the needles of hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) seedlings to nutrient solutions containing various calcium/aluminum ratios

An attempt was made to examine the possible connection between the various ratios of calcium/aluminum (Ca/Al) in the nutrient solution of plant cultures and the active oxygen scavenging system of hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) seedlings. The hinoki cypress seedlings were transferred to nutrient solutions containing 5 mM AlCl₃ together with various concentrations of Ca(NO₃)₂ in pots containing glass beads and Teflon tips. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) in the needles were estimated at several stages during the 7-day treatment. The samples treated with the lower Ca/Al solutions show the highest SOD activities. The activities of APX and GR, both of them involved in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, showed the same tendency with decrease to higher Ca/Al ratio. These results indicate that rhizospheric Ca might compete with Al and ameliorate Al toxicity on and in the roots, the Al stress is not transformed to the needles after a few days, and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in the hinoki cypress needles might fluctuate and be suppressed by the rhizospheric Al stress during the 7 days. This work was supported in part by funding from the Japan Science & Technology Corporation, the CREST program 1996–2001, and the Center for Forest Decline Studies.     

蓝莓离体繁育新梢形态与抗氧化酶对营养元素的应答

为了研究营养元素硝酸铵、硝酸钾、葡萄糖酸钙对蓝莓离体繁育的影响,以蓝莓‘夏普蓝’继代增殖苗为试材,就添加了不同浓度的硝酸铵、硝酸钾、葡萄糖酸钙的改良培养基对蓝莓离体增殖的新梢形态及体内超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性的影响情况进行了试验研究。试验结果表明:当培养基中硝酸铵的浓度为600 mg·L~(-1)、硝酸钾的浓度为400 mg·L~(-1)、葡萄糖酸钙的浓度为600 mg·L~(-1)时,新梢植株发育良好,植株长势健壮,颜色正常;发育正常的新梢其SOD活性间不存在明显差异,其POD活性间不存在明显差异,其CAT活性间也不存在明显差异;而且其SOD、POD、CAT活性均明显高于发育不正常的新梢。分析结果表明:矿质营养元素能调节蓝莓不定芽抗氧化酶活性;而稳定、平衡的抗氧化酶活性又能促进不定芽的发育。     

汞胁迫对大豆幼苗SOD和CAT活性的影响

采用营养液培养方法,以不同Hg2+浓度处理大豆,测定大豆种子萌发情况及其幼苗中超氧化歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性.结果表明:在不同Hg2+浓度范围(0 ～200.0 mg/L)内,随着Hg2+浓度不断升高,大豆种子发芽率逐渐下降,在不含Hg2+溶液内,大豆种子发芽率最高达到100％,Hg2+浓度在200.0 mg/L时大豆种子萌发率为0;在Hg2+浓度胁迫下,低Hg2+浓度胁迫促使植株生长率上升,而随着Hg2+浓度升高,大豆植株的生长率逐渐下降,大豆植株生长受到抑制;当胁迫浓度增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)呈先上升后下降的趋势;Hg2+对大豆幼苗生长抑制程度与处理浓度呈正相关性.     

秸秆覆盖深松对夏玉米田土壤酶活性的影响

探讨秸秆覆盖深松对夏玉米田土壤酶活性的影响。采用4种保护性耕作模式(SS+M、SS+NM、NT+M、NT+NM)在河南西平进行连续3年田间试验,研究不同处理对土壤脲酶、土壤碱性磷酸酶、土壤蔗糖酶、土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响。结果表明,4种保护性耕作方式下土壤脲酶、土壤碱性磷酸酶、土壤蔗糖酶、土壤过氧化氢酶活性均随着土层的加深而降低。4种酶的活性随着玉米生育期的变化而变化,即随着玉米生育时期的推进,土壤酶活性从播种到花后45天先升高后下降,土壤脲酶和土壤蔗糖酶活性在开花期达到最大值,而土壤碱性磷酸酶和土壤过氧化氢酶活性在花后15天达到最大值。在0～5 cm和5～10 cm土层,秸秆覆盖处理下土壤酶活性显著高于不覆盖处理,SS+M>NT+M>SS+NM>NT+NM;在10～20 cm土层,NT+M处理下土壤酶活性急剧下降;在20～30 cm和30～40 cm土层,在大多数时期深松处理下土壤酶活性显著高于免耕处理,SS+M>SS+NM>NT+M>NT+NM。在豫南雨养区实施秸秆覆盖深松能够提高土壤的酶活性,值得推广。     

不同PEG-6000浓度处理下几种冷季型草坪草抗旱性比较研究

研究了3种冷季型草坪草的6个品种在PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫条件下的生长表现和生理指标。结果表明：高羊茅的“家园”品种在干旱胁迫条件下具有较好的生长表现、在土壤中的根系分布最深、且能维持较高过氧化氢酶活性，表明其与其他供试品种相比具有较强的抗旱能力。     

海藻酸钠涂膜对冷藏‘扁核酸’大枣呼吸生理和氧化酶活性的影响

以‘扁核酸’大枣品种为材料,以不同浓度海藻酸钠对枣果涂膜,5℃冷藏,研究海藻酸钠对冷藏大枣呼吸作用和氧化酶活性的影响,为海藻酸钠在大枣冷藏上的应用提供理论依据。结果表明,冷藏期内,海藻酸钠涂膜处理可显著降低枣果的乙烯释放速率和呼吸强度,抑制枣果呼吸高峰的出现,其中以2.0%、3.0%、4.0%海藻酸钠处理效果更为显著;海藻酸钠涂膜处理还可显著提高枣果SOD、POD和CAT酶活性,其中以2.0%、3.0%海藻酸钠涂膜处理效果更为显著。综上所述,海藻酸钠涂膜处理能够提高枣果保鲜效果,以2.0%涂膜处理效果更好。