菌渣纤维素降解菌的筛选与鉴定

为了寻找高效纤维素降解菌,提高菌渣堆肥微生物发酵效果,促进菌渣高效循环利用,从不同地点堆放的杏鲍菇菌渣中采集样品,利用羧甲基纤维素钠培养基分离纤维素降解菌,结合纤维素刚果红水解圈测定、滤纸条降解试验和纤维素酶(滤纸酶FPA、内切葡聚糖酶CMCase、外切葡聚糖酶C1、葡萄糖苷酶β-Gase)活性测定,筛选到4株(FB7、CB1、BC11、BC12)具有高效纤维素降解能力的细菌,经16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定FB7、CB1为枯草芽孢杆菌,BC11为链霉菌属Streptomyces albus,BC12是丛毛单胞菌属的Comamonas_jiangduensis,其中FB7降解能力强,可将滤纸条降解成糊状(10 d),纤维素酶活力很高,摇瓶发酵4 d后FPA、CMCase、C1酶、β-Gase的酶活分别为22.81、314.50、2.78、188.09 U·g^-1。复合菌剂CB1+BC11+FB7的FPA、CMCase、C1酶、β-Gase的酶活高于其他各组合,为31.56、133.63、2.31、217.21 U·g^-1,与FB7相比分别提高了38.4%、11.2%、178%、70.3%,将复合菌CB1+BC11+FB7接种到菌渣堆肥中,与对照相比,能快速提高堆体温度,且在翻堆后能更好地维持堆温。     

草酸青霉菌产酶条件优化及其秸秆腐解能力

目前还田的玉米秸秆存在腐解难的特点,如何加速玉米秸秆腐解成为国内外研究的热点。该试验采用纤维素-刚果红染色法从河北山前平原小麦-玉米轮作且长期秸秆还田的土壤中分离筛选到一株纤维素酶活性高的真菌。将测得的ITS基因序列与NCBI数据库上进行同源性比对,综合形态特征和ITS基因序列同源性分析,该菌株鉴定为草酸青霉(Penicillium oxalicum)。该文对其产酶条件和玉米秸秆分解能力进行了进一步研究。结果表明,在羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)液体培养基和玉米秸秆液体培养基上30℃培养72 h,内切葡聚糖酶(CMCase酶)和滤纸酶(FPase酶)活性分别达672.8、282.9和774.6、618.3 U;以玉米秸秆为底物其产天然纤维素总酶活性可达到376.1 U,说明该菌具有较强的玉米秸秆分解能力。该菌最佳产酶条件为:0.3%的牛肉膏蛋白胨为氮源,接种量为5%,培养温度为28~35℃,pH值=4~7,培养48~96 h;最优发酵条件为固液比为1∶10,培养时间为48 h,培养温度为30℃,pH值为6.5。该菌株对玉米秸秆腐解能力的研究表明,在秸秆揺瓶试验中,培养10 d后,秸秆腐解率达87.3%,为对照的1.90倍;在土壤培养试验中,培养45 d时,腐解率达83.5%,是对照的1.62倍;在玉米秸秆还田的小麦盆栽试验中,培养65 d时,秸秆腐解率达70.8%,高于对照15.1%。因此,从原位秸秆还田土壤中筛选出来的草酸青霉对玉米有较强的腐解能力。     

交联-甘薯羧甲基淀粉糊性质研究

对交联-甘薯羧甲基淀粉糊性质进行了详细的研究,结果表明：交联-甘薯羧甲基淀粉糊冻融稳定性好,透明度高,热稳定性好,抗生物降解及抗老化能力强,蔗糖使交联-甘薯羧甲基淀粉糊黏度略有提高,pH值、剪切力、氯化钠对交联-甘薯羧甲基淀粉糊黏度影响较大。     

Studies on the macromolecular components of nonwood available in Bangladesh

The structural feature of macromolecular component of dhaincha, cotton stalks, jute fiber, rice straw and wheat straw, which are commonly used in paper pulp production in forest deficient countries, was thoroughly studied. Lignin was isolated by classical Bjorkman method and characterized by elemental and methoxyl analysis, alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, FTIR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The C₉ formulas for cotton stalks, jute fiber, dhaincha, rice straw and wheat straw were C₉H_8.95O_3.53(OCH₃)_1.00, C₉H_8.12O_4.03(OCH₃)_1.65, C₉H_8.10O_4.65(OCH₃)_1.32, C₉H_8.58O_3.74(OCH₃)_1.23 and C₉H_8.31O_3.54(OCH₃)_1.23, respectively. The alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation products showed that syringyl to vanilin ratio of these nonwood varied from 1.1 to 2.9. Jute fiber showed the highest syringyl to vanilin ratio that are consistent with C₉ formula. The β-O-4 units in these nonwood lignins had predominately erythro stereochemistry type. The crystalline structure of these nonwood cellulose was also studied using X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. The proportions of crystallinity, crystal size were varied from plant to plant. Jute fiber showed the highest proportion of crystallinity (73.4%) and crystal size (4.2 nm). The degree of polymerization of these nonwoods cellulose has also been studied. Degree of polymerization of jute cellulose was also the highest (3875). FTIR spectroscopy showed that these nonwoods cellulose was monoclinic unit cell structure (I_β). Carbohydrate analysis showed that the main sugar component in the hydrolyzates of these nonwoods were xylose apart from glucose.     

天然纤维素基降解塑料地膜的现状与发展趋势

普通塑料地膜给我国农业生产带来了一系列社会和环保问题。为防止"白色革命"演变成为"白色灾害",提出了采用价廉、质广和量多的废弃天然纤维素资源为原料,大力开发一种环境友好型、使用性能优良、成本低廉和透光性能优异的纤维素基,可完全降解地膜,是今后我国地膜覆盖栽培技术可持续发展的关键所在。为此,进一步阐述了天然纤维素基可降解塑料地膜的现实意义和国内外发展现状及存在的主要问题;并对其今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

纤维素酶法提取山药多糖的工艺研究

优选并确立纤维素酶法提取山药多糖的最佳工艺。在单因素试验的基础上,采取正交试验,以山药多糖含量为指标,对影响多糖提取的4个因素(酶用量、温度、时间和pH值)进行优化研究。结果显示,提取温度是影响山药多糖提取率最重要的因素,其次是酶用量和pH值,在实验范围内,酶提取时间对实验结果的影响较小。纤维素酶法提取山药多糖的最佳参数为:酶用量为0.2%,提取温度为55℃,提取时间为3h,pH值为7.0。     

Effects of storage on the physico-chemical properties of corn tortillas prepared with glycerol and salt

Corn tortillas have a short shelf life due to increased firmness and microbial spoilage. Commercial corn tortillas use carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to delay staling; however this gum is expensive when compared to the rest of the tortilla ingredients. Glycerol has been added to bread and wheat tortillas to increase pliability and salt has been shown to mask the flavor of glycerol in corn tortillas. The possibility to reduce staling in corn tortillas by adding glycerol/salt as an alternative to CMC was investigated by monitoring changes in physico-chemical properties during 2 weeks of storage at 25 °C. Molecular and macroscopic changes were followed using thermal and mechanical analysis. During storage an increase in amylopectin recrystallization was observed in all samples. The “freezable” water content of all tortillas decreased over the first 3–5 days of storage with an increase after 7 days, while moisture content and water activity remained constant. Glycerol/salt tortillas exhibited a sharper transition region in the DMA temperature scan suggesting a more homogenous sample. CMC tortillas were significantly stiffer than glycerol tortillas after 14 days of storage. Glycerol/salt combinations may offer at least a partial replacement for CMC since it helped control the stiffness, water homogeneity and distribution during storage.     

竹伐桩促腐微生物的分离筛选

以不同腐朽程度的毛竹伐桩为样品,对其中的具有降解纤维素或木质素的竹腐微生物进行富集、分离、纯化.通过定性和定量筛选共得到16株具有较好纤维素降解能力或木质素降解能力的菌株,包括8株真菌,5株细菌和3株放线菌.采用固态竹屑培养基测定各菌株对毛竹纤维素和木质素的降解能力,真菌菌株F2和F10的降解效果最好,15 d对纤维素的降解率分别为23.96%和24.31%,优于参照菌株绿色木霉YJ-3的19.59%;对木质素的降解率分别为16.92%和19.15%,优于参照菌株黄孢原毛平革菌ME-446的16.53%.     

水杨酸对HL-CMS同核异质系水稻叶片蛋白质及细胞壁成分的影响

分别用3种不同浓度的水杨酸(SA,3.25×10-5,7.5×10-5,1.5×10-4mol/L)处理水稻红莲型细胞质雄性不育(HL-CMS)型不育系粤泰A(YTA)和同核异质的保持系粤泰B(YTB)的三叶期幼苗,研究了幼苗叶片蛋白质含量及细胞壁纤维素和木质素含量的变化。结果表明,外源SA对水稻HL-CMS不育系和保持系的作用效果明显不同。3种浓度的SA均对YTA叶片蛋白质含量的增加起一定的促进作用,其中高浓度SA (1.5×10-4mol/L)的促进作用最为显著,但高浓度的SA对YTB则表现出抑制作用。与对照组(木村B培养液处理)相比,3.25×10-5mol/L和7.5×10-5mol/L的SA均能增加YTA三叶期幼苗叶片中细胞壁纤维素含量,而较高浓度(1.5×10-4mol/L)SA处理的作用不明显。对于YTB,只有较高浓度(1.5×10-4mol/L)的SA 对幼苗叶片细胞壁纤维素含量表现出明显的增加作用,3.25×10-5和7.5×10-5mol/L的SA处理没有明显的影响。YTA和YTB幼苗叶片细胞壁木质素含量的变化对SA的响应浓度有所不同,在较高浓度范围的SA能增加YTB幼苗叶片细胞壁木质素含量,而较高浓度范围的SA对YTA幼苗叶片细胞壁木质素则表现为抑制效应,SA仅在较低浓度范围有促进作用。同核异质系YTA和YTB间叶片蛋白质、纤维素和木质素含量的变化对外源SA处理的响应不同,可能只与YTA和YTB细胞质之间的差异有关。     

一个高温厌氧直接转化纤维素为乙醇的高纯富集物

运用亨盖特厌氧技术,从牛粪中获得了高温厌氧直接转化纤维素为乙醇的高纯度富集物。该富集物中在数量上占绝对优势的是一大小为0.54 μm×4.86～9.72 μm的梭状芽孢杆菌（Clostridium sp.）,G+,芽孢圆形,直径为0.86～1.19 μm,端生。产乙醇最适温度为55～60　℃,最适pH7.5。该富集物能直接转化稻草和麦秆产乙醇,以稻草、麦秆为唯一碳源时最高乙醇浓度分别为0.257 g/L和0.129 g/L。