中苜一号紫花苜蓿碳同化分配与转移速率的研究

对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)(中苜一号)的生长条件进行控制,并在分枝期对其进行13C脉冲标记,收集标记后第6,12,18,24,30 d的叶、茎、根以及土壤样品,测定各样品中13C含量,以此来探讨苜蓿光合碳的吸收与转移.结果表明:苜蓿各组分光合产物的分配顺序为茎＞叶＞根;13C转移速率为叶＞茎＞根,随着时间的延长,苜蓿各组分13C含量逐渐减少,最终达到稳定状态;渗漏到土壤中的13C含量在0～10 cm土壤层显著高于10～20 cm,但10～20 cm的13C含量比较稳定.     

A Simple Apparatus for Frequent Measurement of Gastrointestinal Intraluminal PCO2

The accuracy and precision of an end-tidal infrared CO₂ monitor and customized capnography tubing system designed to measure gastrointestinal intraluminal CO₂ partial pressure (P_iCO₂) were tested in vitro. Samples were taken from the customized capnography tubing placed in either 5% or 10% CO₂ gas at discrete intervals ranging from one minute to twelve minutes. For a given time interval, the tubing PCO₂ measurement was a constant fraction of the actual PCO₂ (all standard errors < 0.02). For increasing time intervals, the ratio of the tubing PCO₂ to actual PCO₂ increased logarithmically. In the 5% and 10% CO₂, the regression coefficients were 0.89 and 0.85 for 8 French tubing and 0.99 and 0.91 for 6 French tubing. Beacuase of its accuracy and precision, this system may provide automated gastrointestinal CO₂ partial pressure monitoring at short intervals (e.g. 5 minutes), facilitating testing of the role of gastrointestinal P_iCO₂ information in treatment algorithms. (Vet Emerg & Crit Care, 1998; 8: 109–116)     

Plant Species Composition and Forage Production 14 Yr After Biosolids Application and Grazing Exclusion

This paper examines the effects of a single surface application of biosolids (at 20 dry Mg ha^{? 1}) on plant species composition, forage quality and quantity, and C stocks after 14 yr of rest in rangelands of the Central Interior of British Columbia. More than two times the aboveground biomass of grasses and the percent cover of plant litter were found in the biosolids treatment relative to the control, along with reductions in bare soil and microbiotic crust cover. Significantly greater plant uptake of all macronutrients (C, N, P, K, S, Ca, and Mg); most micronutrients (B, Cu, Mn, Mo, and Zn); and Al occurred in the biosolids treatment. P and Cu were the only two nutrients to be more concentrated in the biosolids-treated forage relative to the control forage, while N, Mg, and protein were more concentrated in the control forage. No significant difference in forage digestibility was found between biosolids and control treatments. Bluebunch wheatgrass, the late-seral native grass species, had significantly increased cover and aboveground biomass in the biosolids treatment relative to the control; however, between 2006 and 2016, non-native Kentucky bluegrass had reached > 25% cover in the biosolids plots, perhaps restricting the full recovery of bluebunch wheatgrass. Our findings indicate that biosolids application to ungrazed rangeland can increase long-term forage production and reduce bare soil. However, at our study site biosolids application also led to a long-term shift in the plant community composition away from the late-seral (i.e., bluebunch wheatgrass) trajectory, and the effects of this shift on rangeland health and productivity require further investigation.     

宁夏中部半干旱带不同灌溉量下的禾豆混播效果

以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens)两种豆科牧草与无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)、披碱草(Elymus dahuricus)、扁穗冰草(Agropyron cristatum)3种禾本科牧草为材料,在宁夏中部半干旱地区开展禾本科和豆科牧草单播及禾豆混播试验,设置3种水分梯度处理,即低灌溉量(484 mm)、中灌溉量(707 mm)、高灌溉量(1 160mm),对不同水分处理条件下单混播组合的产量、整株的碳同位素分辨率(Δ~(13)C)及光合作用参数等生理指标进行测定分析。结果表明,在宁夏中部干旱带有灌溉条件下进行禾豆牧草混播可以提高群体的产量和水分利用效率,其中沙打旺+披碱草混播组合产量及水分利用效率表现最好且Δ~(13)C值最高。不同水分处理对禾、豆牧草的株高、光合生理参数、产量及Δ~(13)C等有显著影响(P0.05)。牧草混播组合在高灌溉量时的产量、水分利用效率(WUE)及Δ~(13)C最高,低灌溉量条件下最低。在高灌溉量时Δ~(13)C、气孔导度(Gs)、叶温、株高等与产量和WUE的关系最为密切。因此,在高灌溉量时可将高Δ~(13)C作为筛选高产组合的标准,在低灌溉量时可将低Δ~(13)C作为筛选抗旱节水组合的理想指标。     

黄土高原长期保护性耕作对麦-豆轮作土壤有机碳组分的影响

通过设置在陇中黄土高原半干旱区的豌豆-小麦-豌豆(W-P-W)和小麦-豌豆-小麦(P-W-P)轮作系统的长期定位试验,探讨了土壤有机碳及活性有机碳组分对不同耕作措施的响应.结果表明:保护性耕作的3个处理均能不同程度地提高两种轮作次序下土壤SOC、ROC和MBC的含量,其中免耕和秸秆覆盖结合处理效果最佳.同时,各处理土层的含碳量均随土壤深度的增加而降低.与免耕处理相比,免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)、免耕不覆盖(NT)和传统耕作秸秆还田(TS)处理能够显著增加表层(0~30cm)土壤有机碳的含量,但降低了深层(30~80cm)土壤有机碳的含量,说明与传统耕作相比,3种保护性耕作有利于表层土壤有机碳的积累,而不利于深层土壤有机碳的积累.     

闲散未成年人犯罪的原因及对策

闲散未成年人是指达到法定入学年龄但没入学,或者结束某一阶段学业后并未升学或就业的未成年人。家庭教养的不当与缺失,学校应试教育的缺陷与失误,社会不良因素的影响是闲散未成年人犯罪的主要原因。要有效预防闲散未成年人犯罪就必须依靠和发挥整个社会的力量,形成齐抓共管的局面,把影响未成年人基本生存、健康成长的不利因素减少到最低限度,为未成年人营造一个良好的生存、成长与发展的空间。     

动物副黏病毒感染与对策思考

尼帕病毒(Ni V)和亨德拉病毒(HeV)属于副黏病毒亚科的亨尼帕病毒属的成员。Ni V和HeV感染引起新的两种重要的人兽共患传染病。有关APMV-1(NDV)的发病和流行以及病原学研究认为APMV-1不断发生演化,新的基因型不断产生,对不同宿主的致病力不断变化,病毒感染的宿主谱不断扩大。本文简要介绍两种新的人兽共患传染病和APMV-1对鹅、鸭、猪的感染研究现状,就APMV-1宿主感染谱与演化加以分析,思考新的动物副黏病毒病防控对策。     

基于涡度相关法的中国草地生态系统碳通量研究进展

草地生态系统碳循环研究是全球碳循环研究的热点,涡度相关法使草地生态系统碳通量的长期和连续观测成为可能。本研究介绍了以涡度相关法为手段的中国草地生态系统碳通量的研究进展,重点阐述了中国草地生态系统碳通量在不同时间尺度上的变化特征,同时概括了不同的环境因子对草地生态系统碳通量控制机理方面的研究成果,并在此基础上对今后中国草地生态系统碳通量研究提出了建议。     

保护性耕作对黄土高原玉米-小麦-大豆轮作系统产量及表层土壤碳管理指数的影响

在陇东黄土高原雨养农业区,以传统耕作(t)为对照,研究了3种保护性耕作:耕作+秸秆覆盖(ts)、免耕(nt)、免耕+秸秆覆盖(nts)对玉米-大豆-小麦轮作系统产量和土壤全氮、全碳、有机碳,易氧化有机碳及碳库管理指数的影响。结果表明,从2001至2007年,10茬作物的总产量在ts、nts处理下分别比t提高3.63和1.62 t/hm²,而nt处理则比t处理显著降低2.48 t/hm²。7年后,t、ts、nt和nts处理表层土壤全氮含量分别提高15.4%,30.2%, 16.2%和49.5%。总有机碳含量相应提高2.5%,18.7%,11.7%和74.0%,易氧化有机碳含量在ts,nt和nts处理下分别比t处理提高16.0%,16.2%和38.1%;土壤碳氮比在t、ts、nt和nts处理下较之7年前分别降低了11.41%,8.54%,3.91%和2.72%,ts、nt和nts处理下碳库管理指数分别比t处理提高12.6%,20.1%和46.6%,说明秸秆覆盖+免耕均有利于提高该轮作系统中土壤有机碳含量并改善碳库质量。     

祁连山东段不同退化高寒草甸土壤有机碳密度研究

于2008年在祁连山东段天祝地区选取轻度、中度和重度3个不同退化程度的高寒草地,以土壤有机碳密度为研究对象,探讨高寒草地在不同退化程度干扰下土壤有机碳密度的变化特征。结果表明:随着高寒草地退化程度的加重,土壤含水量降低,容重和pH值增大;土壤有机质和全氮有相似的变化趋势,中度与轻度或重度退化草地土壤有机质和全氮差异显著(P<0.05);土壤有机碳密度在0-10 cm土层显著高于其他土层(P<0.05),并随着土层加深有显著的垂直变化趋势;不同退化程度草地在0-30 cm土层总土壤有机碳密度表现为中度>轻度>重度退化草地。