Overstory vegetation influence nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon flux from the atmosphere to the forest floor: Boreal Plain,Canada

Nitrate, ammonium, total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and flux were measured for one year in bulk deposition and throughfall from three stand types (upland deciduous, upland conifer and wetland conifer) on the Boreal Plain, Canada. Annual (November 2006 to October 2007 water year) flux rates in bulk deposition were 80, 216, 114 and 410 mg N m⁻² for nitrate, ammonium, DON and TDN, respectively, and 3.5 g C m⁻² for DOC. The nitrate and ammonium flux in throughfall were approximately 50% of the flux in bulk deposition, while TDN flux in throughfall was 60–74% of the flux in bulk deposition. The DOC flux in throughfall was approximately 2 times greater than DOC flux in bulk deposition, while there was no detectable difference in DON flux. The forest canopy generally had the most impact on throughfall chemistry during the active growing season as compared with the dormant season, although DOC concentrations in throughfall of deciduous stands was highest during autumn. For the upland stands, TDN flow-weighted mean concentrations in the snowpack were not detectably different from the concentrations in throughfall and bulk deposition throughout the rest of the year. However, ammonium concentrations were lower and DON concentrations were higher in the snowpack than in either throughfall or bulk deposition for the other seasons, suggesting some transformation of ammonium to DON within the snowpack.     

Leaching of carbon and nitrogen from a sandy soil substrate: A comparison between suction plates and ion exchange resins

To determine boundary effects on leaching, we investigated (1) how filter materials affect the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrate (NO₃‐N) in soil percolates and (2) whether ion exchange resins and suction plates are equally suited to capture NO₃‐N. DOC leaching was higher with PE suction plates and plate material did not affect NO₃‐N leachate concentrations. Cumulative NO₃‐N leaching was similar for glass suction plates and ion exchange resins.     

长期施肥对水稻根系有机酸分泌和土壤有机碳组分的影响

本研究以江西省红壤研究所水稻土长期定位试验田(始于1981年)为对象,分析了不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、有机无机配施(NPKM)3种施肥措施对水稻根系有机酸分泌速率及土壤有机碳组分的影响。结果表明:NPK和NPKM处理水稻根系分泌有机酸总量均显著高于CK处理(P0.05,下同),其中NPKM处理最高,提高了54.78%;相对于CK处理,NPK处理水稻根系酒石酸分泌速率显著增加,提高了82.63%,NPKM处理的草酸与苹果酸分泌速率显著增加,分别增加了69.93%、110.98%,而NPK和NPKM处理的柠檬酸分泌速率分别降低了36.57%与40.57%。与CK处理相比,NPKM处理土壤有机碳、颗粒有机碳、微生物生物量碳与可溶性有机碳均显著增加,而NPK处理却无显著变化;可溶性有机碳结构的进一步分析表明,NPKM处理促进了可溶性有机碳中类胡敏酸和类富里酸物质的累积,在可溶性有机碳中所占比例分别为31%、44%,NPK处理可溶性有机碳结构无明显变化;CK和NPK处理中可溶性有机碳的有机物来源主要是植物与微生物的混合源,而NPKM处理主要是微生物代谢所分泌的产物。     

西藏纳木错高寒草原、高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸主要温室气体通量对比研究

青藏高原高寒草地占我国天然草地的40%,研究其温室气体源汇强度及驱动因子具有重要意义。采用静态箱-气相色谱法,在西藏纳木错地区开展高寒草原、高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸的生态系统呼吸、CH₄和N₂O通量观测,生长季内的观测表明：高寒草原和高寒草甸生态系统呼吸分别为（283.7±14.4） mg·m^-2·h^-1和（275.7±20.6） mg·m^-2·h^-1,低于有机质丰富的沼泽化草甸,为（591.6±53.2） mg·m^-2·h^-1。高寒草原和高寒草甸均是CH₄的汇,其生长季均值分别为（-84.9±7.6） μg·m^-2·h^-1和（-39.2±4.6） μg·m^-2·h^-1;而沼泽化草甸是CH₄的源其均值为（149.2±34.2） μg·m^-2·h^-1。高寒草原、高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸均为N₂O的源,生长季排放量分别为（7.3±2.8）,（3.0±1.1）和（2.2±4.3） μg·m^-2·h^-1。土壤水分总体控制着高寒草地CH₄通量的时空变化,在土壤水分含量约大于30%的沼泽化草甸表现为CH₄的排放源,而在土壤水分含量低于30%的高寒草原和草甸表现为CH₄的汇;生长季水分含量越高,对CH₄的吸收越弱。     

滨海沙地不同树种人工林生物量及凋落物碳氮养分归还

基于福州市滨海后沿沙地上营造的人工林的调查,以9年生尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis)、木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)、纹荚相思(Acacia aulacocarpa)3种主要人工林为对象,采用Monsi分层切割法(乔木层)和样方收获法(草本层、凋落物层)获取这3种人工林的生物量,研究其生物量分配格局及凋落物碳氮养分归还。结果表明,尾巨桉乔木层地上部分生物量为49.950t·hm^-2,地下部分生物量为15.270t·hm^-2,分别占生态系统总生物量的62.08%和18.98%;草本层生物量为0.698t·hm^-2(0.87%);凋落物层生物量为14.539t·hm^-2(18.07%)。木麻黄乔木层地上部分生物量为51.630t·hm^-2,地下部分为20.270t·hm^-2,分别占生态系统总生物量的62.65%和24.60%;草本层生物量为0.017t·hm^-2(0.02%);凋落物层生物量为10.488t·hm^-2(12.73%)。纹荚相思乔木层地上部分生物量为51.130t·hm^-2,地下部分为13.760t·hm^-2,分别占生态系统总生物量的64.43%和17.34%;草本层生物量为0.093t·hm^-2(0.12%);凋落物层生物量为14.369t·hm^-2(18.11%)。3种人工林地上各器官生物量均表现为:树干>树枝>树皮>树叶。这3种人工林生态系统总生物量与乔木层生物量排序相同,表现为木麻黄(82.40t·hm^-2)>尾巨桉(80.46t·hm^-2)>纹荚相思(79.35t·hm^-2),且生物量分配格局均为乔木层>凋落物层>草本层。3种人工林的净生产力表现为木麻黄(16.21t·hm^-2·a^-1)>尾巨桉(14.00t·hm^-2·a^-1)>纹荚相思(12.51t·hm^-2·a^-1)。凋落物碳氮养分年总归还量表现为木麻黄(3.953t·hm^-2·a^-1)>尾巨桉(3.329t·hm^-2·a^-1)>纹荚相思(2.751t·hm^-2·a^-1)。     

碘甲磺隆钠盐对土壤中几种生物学指标的影响

通过模拟实验研究了除草剂碘甲磺隆钠盐对土壤中脲酶、过氧化氢酶、呼吸作用及土壤微生物生物量碳的影响。结果表明:碘甲磺隆钠盐在田间施用量(1 mg/kg)下对土壤脲酶和微生物生物量碳的影响呈现为显著的抑制-恢复过程;对土壤过氧化氢酶的影响呈现出轻微的抑制-激活-恢复过程。碘甲磺隆钠盐施用初期对土壤呼吸作用也有一定的影响,浓度愈大,对土壤呼吸强度的抑制愈强,但随着时间的推移,逐步由抑制作用转为一定程度的激发作用,到12 d后施药土壤与对照组土壤的呼吸强度基本上趋于一致。统计分析结果表明,碘甲磺隆钠盐属于低毒或无实际危害的农药。     

Impacts of wetting-drying cycles on short-term carbon and nitrogen dynamics in Amynthas earthworm casts

Effects of earthworm casts on soil nutrient dynamics and their responses to changing moisture availability in subtropical ecosystems remain poorly understood. This study aimed to examine short-term carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) dynamics and their interactions with wetting-drying cycles in three different structural forms(i.e., granular, globular, and heap-like) of Amynthas earthworm casts. The rates of C and N mineralization in the earthworm casts were examined under two different wetting-drying cycles(i.e., 2-d and 4-d wetting intervals) using a rainfall simulation experiment. After three simulated rainfall events, subsamples of the earthworm casts were further incubated for 4 d for the determination of CO_2 and N_2O fluxes. The results of this study indicated that the impacts of wetting-drying cycles on the short-term C and N dynamics were highly variable among the three cast forms, but wetting-drying cycles significantly reduced the cumulative CO_2 and N_2O fluxes by 62%–83% and 57%–85%, respectively, when compared to the control without being subjected to any rainfall events. The C mineralization rates in different cast forms were affected by the amount of organic substrates and N content in casts, which were associated with the food preference and selection of earthworms. Meanwhile, the cumulative N_2O fluxes did not differ among the three cast forms. Repeated wetting and drying of casts not only enhanced aggregate stability by promoting bonds between the cast particles, but also inhibited microbial survival and growth during the prolonged drying period, which together hindered decomposition and denitrification. Our findings demonstrated that the interactions between the structural forms, aggregate dynamics, and C and N cycling in the earthworm casts were highly complex.     

湘西南石漠化地区不同植被恢复模式的土壤有机碳研究

以湘西南石漠化地区侧柏纯林、侧柏+枫香混交林、湿地松+枫香混交林、栾树纯林和封山育林5种植被恢复模式下的土壤为研究对象,通过野外土壤剖面调查和土壤样品化学分析,研究石漠化地区植被恢复过程中不同层次、不同坡位、不同林龄的土壤有机碳特征。结果表明:(1)5种林分土壤有机碳含量为栾树纯林>封山育林>侧柏纯林>侧柏+枫香混交林>湿地松+枫香混交林,并随土壤深度增加而递减,各林分变化幅度不同,且各土层之间差异显著。(2)随林龄的增加,土壤有机碳含量增加且主要集中在土壤表层。(3)同一林分下,不同坡位有机碳含量变化为下坡>中坡>上坡。(4)土壤有机碳密度在5种林分中差异显著,并随土壤深度增加而减少;在整个土壤剖面上,有机碳密度为54.22～96.52t/hm2,其中0-15cm有机碳密度的贡献率达55.95%。     

典型农耕区褐土水稳性团聚体有机碳的分布及组成

对河北省典型农耕区褐土水稳性团聚体有机碳的组成特征进行了解析。结果表明,研究区水稳性土壤团聚体随粒径的减小而呈现"两头低中间高"的不规则W形分布趋势。藁城市和行唐县两地全土有机碳含量基本相当,分别为12.49和11.20g/kg。土壤有机碳主要受团聚体粒径分布的制约,藁城市和行唐县农耕区褐土优势团聚体(1000~250μm和250~53μm)中有机碳的比例分别为69.53%和82.71%。藁城市和行唐县20μm的团聚体有机碳含量分别为12.78和20.02g/kg,可作为研究区褐土固碳的稳定性指标。红外光谱解析表明,研究区土壤团聚体有机碳以芳香碳(大团聚体57.35%;微团聚体67.69%)和多糖碳(大团聚体29.43%;微团聚体:25.2%)为主。气候条件的差异可能是导致藁城市和行唐县土壤有机碳官能团组成差异的主要原因。大团聚体有机碳中主要是脂肪碳、多糖碳等活性较高的碳,而稳定的芳香碳则趋向于被保护在微团聚体中。