滴灌条件下毒死蜱在土层中迁移转化规律及其对土壤微生物特性的影响

为了解滴灌条件下毒死蜱在土壤中的迁移转化规律,采用土柱模拟试验,研究了滴灌条件下种植作物、代森锌消毒和不同土壤含水率对毒死蜱的分布及土壤酶活性和土壤微生物生物量碳的影响。结果表明：施用于表层的毒死蜱在施用初期主要残留在10 cm以上土层,随着时间的增加,而发生降解并向下迁移。土壤中3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶酚（TCP,毒死蜱的主要代谢产物）含量在0.1~1.5 mg·kg^-1之间,施药30 d后,40 cm土层中毒死蜱和TCP均有检出。不同处理下,毒死蜱含量在10 cm以上土层存在较大差异,TCP含量在20 cm以上土层存在一定差异。消毒抑制毒死蜱的降解,作物根系促进土壤微生物繁殖,有利于毒死蜱的降解。土壤含水率对10 cm土层毒死蜱含量有较大影响,在未消毒和种植作物处理中,最强的毒死蜱降解分别发生在土壤含水率为80%和70%处理中。毒死蜱和TCP对微生物以抑制作用为主,不同处理的抑制程度不同。毒死蜱在低浓度时对过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性有激活作用,高浓度时存在抑制作用,作物的存在减弱了毒死蜱对两种酶活性的影响。毒死蜱的降解与土壤碱性磷酸酶活性有关,种植作物改变了毒死蜱和土壤碱性磷酸酶的分布。代森锌消毒对过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性有激活作用,对碱性磷酸酶活性有一定抑制作用。     

棕絮棉18个性状的杂种优势研究

本文利用3个亲本配制的6个杂交组合。研究了棕絮棉的生育期、株高、果技数、总果节数、木技数、木技铃、总铃数、单铃重、衣分、亩籽棉、株皮棉、2．5％跨长、整齐度、比强度、伸长率、麦克隆值等18个性状的中索优势、超亲优势和竞争优势。并据此初步选育出产量、纤维品质较为优良的杂种棉一个。     

准噶尔盆地梭梭沙质荒漠土壤有机碳分布特征的研究

为研究环境因子对梭梭荒漠土壤有机碳含量的影响,采用路线调查和典型样地布设相结合方法,对准噶尔盆地典型梭梭沙质荒漠0—100 cm不同土层土壤有机碳进行测定,揭示其土壤有机碳分布特征及其与环境因子之间的内在关系。结果表明,0—100 cm各土层土壤有机碳含量变化范围为0.00～11.46 g·kg-1,均呈中等变异水平,且随土层深度的增加土壤有机碳含量呈降低趋势。梭梭荒漠土壤有机碳含量是白梭梭荒漠土壤有机碳含量的1.40倍（P<0.05）,由此表明,梭梭荒漠的固碳能力更强。冗余分析结果表明,引起梭梭荒漠土壤有机碳含量空间变异的主要影响因素是土壤pH、植被覆盖度和土壤含水量,为退化梭梭荒漠的恢复治理及可持续利用提供理论依据。     

基于文献分析的世界人工林碳储量研究

人工林在固定大气CO2及减缓全球气候变化中发挥着重要作用。本项研究基于Web of Science数据库的检索结果,利用Bibexcel和Histcite等文献计量软件对世界人工林碳储量研究文献的发展态势进行计量分析。结果表明,本项研究检索的242篇相关研究文献刊载于111种期刊,每种期刊平均发表文章2.18篇;分18个研究方向;共有834位作者,55个国家或地区,373个研究机构参与。分析还表明,论文发表数量呈逐年增加的趋势,主要发表在Forest Ecology and Management、 Agriculture Ecosystems＆Environment 和Plant and Soil等影响力较大的SCI期刊;美国是发文量最多的国家;中国科学院是发文最多的机构;研究的热点主要集中在碳储量、生物量、土壤碳和气候变化等方面;1992-1996年是国际人工林碳储量研究发展的重要时期。     

菠萝叶纤维与其它植物纤维的吸湿性能对比测试及分析

利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射等测试方法对菠萝叶纤维、亚麻纤维、苎麻纤维和棉花纤维的微观形态结构进行了分析。分析认为:菠萝叶纤维的形态结构有区别于其它三种植物纤维,有较大的比表面积;菠萝叶纤维的结晶度与亚麻纤维和苎麻纤维接近,高于棉花纤维。在热带标准状态下,采用烘箱干燥法和回归模型分析法,对测试的四种进行了吸湿、放湿测试与分析。结果表明:在吸湿性能方面,菠萝叶纤维表现最佳,棉花纤维最差;在纤维吸湿平衡回潮率和吸湿速率方面,菠萝叶纤维与亚麻纤维和苎麻纤维相近,且高于棉花纤维;在纤维放湿平衡回潮率和放湿速率方面,菠萝叶纤维高于亚麻纤维、苎麻纤维和棉花纤维。     

海南省酒店业低碳化发展现状研究

指出了酒店业的低碳化发展是一个综合而复杂的工程,需要政府、酒店和消费者的共同努力。对海南省酒店低碳化发展的现状的研究,不仅有利于酒店认识自身经营管理过程中存在的能耗问题,还为国家制定有效的酒店低碳化政策提供了现实依据。通过对234名酒店员工进行问卷调查以及与部分酒店的管理层进行深度访谈发现,虽然低碳理念已经在海南省的部分酒店开始萌芽,但是海南酒店的低碳管理水平较低,酒店业仍然是海南省的能耗大户;通过对海南省的272名大众调查研究发现,海南省大众对低碳酒店的推广有较强的认同感,但是消费习惯和行为有待转变。最后,针对调研中发现的问题,分别从政府、酒店和消费者的角度提出了海南省酒店业低碳化发展的建议措施。     

Sesbania aegyptiaca as promising biomass for manufacturing of MDF

Sesbania fiber is a fast-growing wood species that has been investigated for medium-density fiberboard (MDF) production. To assess the possibility of applying the local industrial defibration parameters of sugar-cane bagasse (SCB) on defibration of sesbania, the chemical constituents of unfibrated and defibrated sesbania, as well as their thermal stability and scanning electron micrographs, were estimated. Different preparation variables of MDF, such as density, level of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin (with 0.19% free-formaldehyde [HCHO]), and pressing time were studied, in comparison with that produced by using SCB fibers. The results showed that most of the tested sesbania-based MDFs have mechanical properties that fulfill the minimum requirements of MDF ANSI standard. Additionally, applying 12% UF and pressing for 240 sec provided sesbania-based MDF with optimum reduction in thickness swelling (reached ～7%). It is important to note that the sesbania-based MDF produced under these conditions is characterized by a lower TS property, than that obtained from SCB, or that reported in standards. The preliminary feasibility study revealed that using sesbania fibers will be an added economical potential for MDF production.     

主成分回归法对亚麻纤维产量的综合评价

研究通过对亚麻12个农艺性状的相关性分析,确定亚麻纤维产量相关显著的农艺性状,利用主成分分析原理进行相关性状的降维处理,消除亚麻纤维产量综合评价中存在的性状间多重共线性影响,对亚麻纤维产量进行综合评价。结果表明,主成分回归法可以有效消除亚麻纤维产量综合评价中出现的性状间多重相关性问题,该法可对亚麻纤维产量进行综合评价,为作物产量的综合评价提供新思路。     

Trends in carbon flux to seabirds in the Peruvian upwelling system: effects of wind and fisheries on population regulation

We hypothesized that change in the annual population size of guano‐producing seabirds (cormorant, Phalacrocorax bougainvillii; booby, Sula variegata; pelican, Pelecanus thagus) is a response to changes in primary and secondary production of the Peruvian upwelling system. We tested this hypothesis by modeling nitrate input through upwelling to the upper layers of the ocean off Peru between 6° and 14°S using data on wind stress and sea surface temperature. The model predicted the amount of carbon fixed by primary production each year from 1925 to 2000, which was then apportioned to the Peruvian anchovy (Engraulis ringens) biomass and ultimately to the seabird population and the anchovy fishery, the largest single‐species fishery on Earth. The model predicted a marked increase in primary production as a consequence of increasing wind stress. It overestimated the anchovy biomass after the collapse of the fishery in 1972, but closely predicted the growth of seabird populations from 1925 to the mid‐1960s, and their decline thereafter, explaining about 94% of the variation in seabird numbers from 1925 to 2000. The model indicates the seabirds consumed 14.4% of the available anchovies and, thus, that seabirds consumed 2.3% of the new production, before the development of the anchovy fishery, and only 2.2% of the available anchovies and 0.3% of the new production after the development of the fishery. The model results clarify the roles that environmental and anthropogenic factors may have had in regulating the guano‐producing seabird populations. It indicates that the growth of seabird populations from 1925 to 1955 was likely a response to increased productivity of the Peruvian upwelling system and that the subsequent drastic decline in seabird abundance was likely due to competition for food with the fishery, which caught ～85% of the anchovies, which otherwise would have been available for the seabirds. This model also shows that an increase in oceanic primary production promotes reproductive success and population growth in higher trophic level organisms.     

青海加什科羊与青海毛肉兼用半细毛羊被毛纤维物理性能比较

青海加什科羊和青海高原毛肉兼用半细毛羊(以下简称半细毛羊)毛纤维细度周岁:公羊50支分别占18.00%、31.17%,母羊分别占20.40%、26.25%;56~58支公羊分别占53.57%、68.82%,母羊分别占53.47%、36.50%,差异极显著(P0.01);成年:公羊50支分别占20.00%、42.26%,母羊分别占20.22%、43.56%;56~58支公羊分别占51.25%、57.76%,母羊分别占51.44%、56.44%,差异极显著(P0.01)。