Carbon dynamics determined by natural C abundance in microcosm experiments with soils from long-term maize and rye monocultures

Understanding carbon dynamics in soil is the key to managing soil organic matter. Our objective was to quantify the carbon dynamics in microcosm experiments with soils from long-term rye and maize monocultures using natural ¹³C abundance. Microcosms with undisturbed soil columns from the surface soil (0-25 cm) and subsoil (25-50 cm) of plots cultivated with rye (C₃-plant) since 1878 and maize (C₄-plant) since 1961 with and without NPK fertilization from the long-term experiment ‘Ewiger Roggen’ in Halle, Germany, were incubated for 230 days at 8 °C and irrigated with 2 mm 10⁻² M CaCl₂ per day. Younger, C₄-derived and older, C₃-derived percentages of soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass (C_mic) and CO₂ from heterothropic respiration were determined by natural ¹³C abundance. The percentage of maize-derived carbon was highest in CO₂ (42-79%), followed by C_mic (23-46%), DOC (5-30%) and SOC (5-14%) in the surface soils and subsoils of the maize plots. The percentage of maize-derived C was higher for the NPK plot than for the unfertilized plot and higher for the surface soils than for the subsoils. Specific production rates of DOC, CO₂-C and C_mic from the maize-derived SOC were 0.06-0.08% for DOC, 1.6-2.6% for CO₂-C and 1.9-2.7% for C_mic, respectively, and specific production rates from rye-derived SOC of the continuous maize plot were 0.03-0.05% for DOC, 0.1-0.2% for CO₂-C and 0.3-0.5% for C_mic. NPK fertilization did not affect the specific production rates. Strong correlations were found between C₄-derived C_mic and C₄-derived SOC, DOC and CO₂-C (r≥0.90), whereas the relationship between C₃-derived C_mic and C₃-derived SOC, DOC and CO₂-C was not as pronounced (r≤0.67). The results stress the different importance of former (older than 40 years) and recent (younger than 40 years) litter C inputs for the formation of different C pools in the soil.     

横坡和顺坡耕作对紫色土土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

通过径流小区试验,分析探讨了紫色土横坡和顺坡两种耕作模式下表层(0~20 cm)土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳含量的特征,为紫色土区坡耕地的有效改造和综合利用提供科学依据。试验结果表明,横坡耕作下土壤水稳性指数K值比顺坡耕作高38.99%,而土壤分散性D值为顺坡耕作的1.64倍,横坡耕作抗蚀性大于顺坡耕作。横坡耕作>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量比顺坡耕作增加3.62%,>5 mm、5~3 mm、3~2 mm水稳性团聚体含量横坡耕作均高于顺坡耕作,横坡耕作显著提高>2 mm水稳性团聚体含量。横坡耕作下团聚体结构体破坏率较顺坡耕作减少3.05%,团聚体平均重量直径为顺坡耕作的1.39倍。2种耕作模式下0.5~2 mm团聚体有机碳含量均最高,>0.25 mm不同粒级团聚体有机碳含量百分数均随粒径的减小而减小,均在0.5~0.25 mm粒级下达到最小。横坡和顺坡耕作模式下2~1 mm团聚体有机碳含量无显著差异。横坡耕作较顺坡耕作能够显著增加紫色土>2 mm水稳性团聚体含量,且对有机碳的固持作用更好,有利于土壤结构的改善。     

Biological activity and organic matter mineralization of soils amended with biowaste composts

This study aims to elucidate the significance of compost and soil characteristics for the biological activity of compost‐amended soils. Two agricultural soils (Ap horizon, loamy arable Orthic Luvisol and Ah horizon, sandy meadow Dystric Cambisol) and a humus‐free sandy mineral substrate were amended with two biowaste composts of different maturity in a controlled microcosm system for 18 months at 5 °C and 14 °C, respectively. Compost application increased the organic matter mineralization, the C_mic : C_org ratio, and the metabolic quotients significantly in all treatments. The total amount of C_org mineralized ranged from < 1 % (control plots) to 20 % (compost amended Dystric Cambisol). Incubation at 14 °C resulted in 2.7‐ to 4‐fold higher cumulative C_org mineralization compared to 5 °C. The C_mic : C_org ratios of the compost‐amended plots declined rapidly during the first 6 months and reached a similar range as the control plots at the end of the experiment. This effect may identify the compost‐derived microbial biomass as an easily degradable C source. Decreasing mineralization rates and metabolic quotients indicated a shift from a compost‐derived to a soil‐adapted microbial community. The C_org mineralization of the compost amended soils was mainly regulated by the compost maturity and the soil texture (higher activity in the sandy textured soils). The pattern of biological activity in the compost‐amended mineral substrate did not differ markedly from that of the compost‐amended agricultural soils, showing that the turnover of compost‐derived organic matter dominated the overall decay process in each soil. However, a priming effect occurring for the Dystric Cambisol indicated, that the effect of compost application may be soil specific.     

源于松针的可溶性有机物对土壤多环芳烃吸附和解吸行为的影响研究

Study of the relationship between plant litter-derived dissolved organic matter（DOM） and organic pollutant transport in soil is important for understanding the role of forest litter carbon cycling in influencing pollutant behaviour and fate in forest soil.With the aim of providing insight into the capacity of plant litter-derived DOM to influence sorption and desorption of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） on soil, batch experiments were carried out with application of a sorption-desorption model incorporating DOM effects. Freshly fallen pine（Pinus elliottii） needles were used as the source of organic matter. Input of the pine needle litter-derived DOM was found to significantly decrease desorption hysteresis as well as soil adsorption capacity of phenanthrene（PHE） and fluoranthene（FLA）. Addition of 1 728 mg L-1dissolved organic carbon（DOC） lowered the organic carbon-normalized sorption distribution coefficient of PHE from 7 776 to 2 541 L kg-1C and of FLA from 11 503 to 4 368 L kg-1C. Decreases of the apparent sorption-desorption distribution coefficients of PHE and FLA with increased DOC concentration indicated that DOM favored desorption of PAHs from soil. Increases in the fraction of apparently dissolved PAHs were attributable to the dissolved PAH-DOM complexes, accounting for the dissolved proportions of 39% to 69% for PHE and 26% to 72% for FLA in the sorption and desorption processes as the concentration of the added DOM solution rose from 0 to 1 728 mg L-1. Our results suggest that pine needle litterderived DOM can have a substantial effect of inhibiting PAHs sorption and promoting PAHs desorption, thus leading to enhanced leaching in soil, which should be taken into account in risk assessment of PAHs accumulated in forest soil.     

泥炭湿地碳储量核算与其影响因素分析

泥炭湿地占全球陆地表面积的2%~3%和全球湿地面积的40%~70%,却存储3.0×1017~6.0×1017g碳。以前有关泥炭湿地碳储量的研究主要偏重于土壤,尤其在北方,缺乏对植被和枯枝落叶层的综合报道。本文综述了近些年来全球泥炭地碳储量(土壤碳储量、植被碳储量和枯枝落叶层碳储量)核算的研究进展。目前,全球泥炭地碳储量的核算仍存在较大的不确定性,其主要原因是全球泥炭地碳储量核算方法的数据信息不足,缺乏植被生物量、地表凋落物、碳质量分数、深度、容重和面积等全面数据,尤其是关于全球泥炭地面积较大的地区或国家;其次,人为干扰活动也进一步增加了全球泥炭地碳储量估算的不确定性,使得碳储量估算变得更困难。我国湿地面积居亚洲第一,世界第四,然而泥炭地/湿地有机碳储量估算与其他国家比较,相差较大,数据信息不足且存在较大波动。因此,为了提高泥炭湿地碳储量的估计精度和预测陆地生态系统应对气候变化响应机制的准确性,进一步加大泥炭地碳储量研究是非常必要的。     

秸秆生物反应堆与菌肥对温室番茄土壤微环境的影响

为研究秸秆生物反应堆、微生物菌肥及两者配套措施对土壤理化性质和微生物功能多样性,以及作物生长的长期影响,试验以传统种植方式为对照(CK,常规栽培),研究了菌肥(T1,微生物菌肥4 kg/667 m2)、内置式秸秆生物反应堆(T2,秸秆(4 t/667 m2)+发酵沟菌剂(8 kg/667 m2)+腐熟猪粪(600 kg/667 m2))及2种措施配套处理(T3,秸秆(4 t/667 m2)+发酵沟菌剂(8 kg/667 m2)+微生物菌肥(4 kg/667 m2)+腐熟猪粪(600 kg/667 m2))对土壤理化性质和微生物功能多样性的影响。结果表明:1)与CK相比,秸秆生物反应堆能够在一定时期内提高土壤含水率;而菌肥能够在一定时期内降低土壤含水率,秸秆生物反应堆能够显著降低土壤酸性和电导率(EC,electrical conductivity)值,缓冲土壤酸化和次生盐渍化;而单施菌肥对土壤酸碱性和EC值没有显著影响。2)秸秆生物反应堆(T2)增加了土壤中有机质的含量和土壤微生物量,降低土壤中速效磷、钾的含量;微生物菌肥(T1)降低了土壤中有机质含量和微生物量,而显著提升了土壤的速效磷、速效钾含量,两种措施配套处理效果则更明显。3)菌肥能够改善土壤微生物对多聚物、碳水化合物和氨基酸的利用效率,而秸秆生物反应堆能够促进土壤微生物对于一部分氨基酸、羧酸类、酚酸类和胺类物质的利用。而2种措施同时使用时,其促进和改善微生物碳代谢能力的作用则更加显著。4)各处理均能够在一定程度上增加各年度番茄产量。综合考虑,认为内置式秸秆生物反应堆和菌肥配套处理(T3)能够更好的改善和修复日光温室连作土壤,增加作物产量,是一种较为有效的农艺措施。     

Kruppel样因子15对脂肪沉积和肌纤维类型的影响及其可能机制

Kruppel样因子15(KLF15)是一种新发现的Kruppel样因子家族(KLFs)成员,为一种真核锌指蛋白转录因子。KLF15在动物体内呈现多组织表达特性,该基因过表达能促进动物脂肪沉积,且能影响肉质性状候选基因和Ⅰ型肌纤维基因的表达。因此,深入研究KLF15对脂肪沉积和肌纤维类型的影响及其可能机制,将为改善动物肉品质提供新的思路。本文综述了KLF15的发现、结构特征、表达规律及其与脂肪沉积和Ⅰ型肌纤维之间的关系。     

林业碳汇项目类型及开发策略分析

以项目为载体的林业碳汇作为重要交易标的,已经在国内外主要的碳交易市场体系中频繁出现。但是,由于不同碳市场产生的背景、主要目标及交易规则的差异,对参与交易的林业碳汇项目开发标准与具体要求不尽相同。合格的可交易林业碳汇在全球林业碳汇市场中所占份额依然很小,林业碳汇尚未发挥其应有的作用与潜力。文中在对国内外林业碳汇市场发展概况进行简要梳理并对目前主要林业碳汇项目类型及其特征进行比较分析的基础上,结合我国碳市场发展与森林经营特点,提出了我国林业碳汇的未来发展策略:一是立足国内,建立多元化林业碳汇市场;二是立足资源优势,重点发展森林经营碳汇项目;三是加强林业基础数据与信息化建设,降低林业碳汇项目交易成本;四是加强不同碳市场衔接与协同,并积极参与国际市场交易。     

黑龙江省盐碱地土壤无机碳分布特征

采用原位测定、室内实验相结合的方法,研究黑龙江省重度盐碱地土壤无机碳的形态、分布规律,并且探讨黑龙江省盐碱土无机碳的密度。不同植被类型显著影响土壤无机碳分布,羊草草地土壤空气中CO2含量明显高于虎尾草草地,而HCO-3/CO-23含量和土壤表层Ca CO3含量低于虎尾草草地。盐碱裸地中以CO2、HCO-3及Ca CO3等形式存在的无机碳储量随着土层深度增加均无显著变化。以土壤碳酸盐含量为基础,估算土壤无机碳密度,发现羊草及虎尾草草地表层土壤(0~10 cm)无机碳密度显著低于盐碱裸地(P0.05),底层土壤无机碳密度差异不显著;盐碱裸地土壤无机碳密度为101.4~124.8 Mg/hm2。     

广州市典型木荷风水林碳库价值核算

以广州市黄埔区南亚热带常绿阔叶木荷(Schima superba)风水林群落为对象,用样地生物量法对乔木、灌草、凋落物、细根和土壤层的碳库储量进行计量,并用碳税率法参数估算了群落碳库价值.结果表明:(1)3个样地的生态系统碳储量密度在138.00~176.56 t C·hm-2之间,平均为155.34±11.30 t C·hm-2,但与地带性顶级群落碳储量密度相比,该风水林还具有较大的增汇空间;(2)乔木层、灌木层、草本层、凋落物层、细根层和土壤层的碳储量密度占生态系统总碳储量密度的比例分别为70.17%、2.74%、1.43%、0.88%、0.81%和23.97%,乔木层是生态系统碳库的主要贡献者;(3)广州市典型木荷风水林总碳资产价值平均为18.64万元 ·hm-2,其中植被层为14.17万元 ·hm-2,土壤层为4.47万元 ·hm-2,前者是后者的3.17倍,植被层碳是风水林碳汇价值的主体部分.