Breeding wheat and rye for resistance to Fusarium diseases

Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum Groups 1 and 2 cause seedling blight, crown rot, foot rot and head blight in wheat and rye that may affect grain yield and quality for baking and feeding. This review starts with an analysis of Fusarium populations with regard to their genetic variation for aggressiveness, mycotoxin production, and isolate-by-host genotype interaction. To assess resistance in the different host growth stages, quantitative inoculation and disease assessment techniques are necessary. Based on estimated population parameters, breeding strategies are reviewed to improve Fusarium resistance in wheat and rye. Epidemiological and toxicological aspects of Fusarium resistance that are important for resistance breeding are discussed. F. culmorum and F. graminearum display large genetic variation for aggressiveness in isolate collections and in naturally occurring populations. The production of mycotoxins, especially deoxynivalenol and its derivatives, is a common trait in these populations. Significant isolate-by-host genotype interactions were not found across environments in wheat and rye. Artificial infections in the field are indispensable for improving Fusarium crown rot, foot rot and head blight resistance in wheat and rye. For a reliable disease assessment of large populations, disease severity ratings were found to be the most convenient. The differentiation of host resistance is greatly influenced by an array of nongenetic factors (macro-environment, microclimate, host growth stage, host organ) that show significant interactions with host genotype. Selection for environmentally stable resistance has to be performed in several environments under a maximum array of different infection levels. Selection in early growth stages or on one plant organ does not in most cases allow prediction of resistance in adult-plant stages or another plant organ. Significant genetic variation for resistance exists for all Fusarium-incited diseases in breeding populations of wheat and rye. The patho-systems studied displayed a prevalence of additive gene action with no consistent specific combining ability effects and thus rapid progress can be expected from recurrent selection. In wheat, intensive testing of parental genotypes allows good prediction of the mean head blight resistance after crossing. Subsequent selection during selfing generations enables the use of transgression towards resistance. In hybrid breeding of winter rye, the close correlation between foot rot resistance of inbred lines and their GCA effects implies that selection based on the lines per se should be highly effective. This is not valid for F. culmorum head blight of winter rye caused by a greater susceptibility of the inbred lines compared to their crosses. For both foot rot and head blight resistance, a high correlation between the resistance to F. graminearum and F. culmorum was found in wheat and rye. Mycotoxin accumulation occurs to a great extent in naturally and artificially infected plant stands. The correlation between resistance traits and mycotoxin contents are medium and highly dependent on the environment. Further experiments are needed to clarify whether greater resistance will lead to a correlated reduction of the mycotoxin content of the grains under natural infection.     

Consequences of climate change for European agricultural productivity, land use and policy

This paper reviews the knowledge on effects of climate change on agricultural productivity in Europe and the consequences for policy and research. Warming is expected to lead to a northward expansion of suitable cropping areas and a reduction of the growing period of determinate crops (e.g. cereals), but an increase for indeterminate crops (e.g. root crops). Increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations will directly enhance plant productivity and also increase resource use efficiencies.

In northern areas climate change may produce positive effects on agriculture through introduction of new crop species and varieties, higher crop production and expansion of suitable areas for crop cultivation. Disadvantages may be an increase in the need for plant protection, the risk of nutrient leaching and the turnover of soil organic matter. In southern areas the disadvantages will predominate. The possible increase in water shortage and extreme weather events may cause lower harvestable yields, higher yield variability and a reduction in suitable areas for traditional crops. These effects may reinforce the current trends of intensification of agriculture in northern and western Europe and extensification in the Mediterranean and southeastern parts of Europe.

Policy will have to support the adaptation of European agriculture to climate change by encouraging the flexibility of land use, crop production, farming systems etc. In doing so, it is necessary to consider the multifunctional role of agriculture, and to strike a variable balance between economic, environmental and social functions in different European regions. Policy will also need to be concerned with agricultural strategies to mitigate climate change through a reduction in emissions of methane and nitrous oxide, an increase in carbon sequestration in agricultural soils and the growing of energy crops to substitute fossil energy use. The policies to support adaptation and mitigation to climate change will need to be linked closely to the development of agri-environmental schemes in the European Union Common Agricultural Policy.

Research will have further to deal with the effect on secondary factors of agricultural production, on the quality of crop and animal production, of changes in frequency of isolated and extreme weather events on agricultural production, and the interaction with the surrounding natural ecosystems. There is also a need to study combined effects of adaptation and mitigation strategies, and include assessments of the consequences on current efforts in agricultural policy to develop a sustainable agriculture that also preserves environmental and social values in the rural society.     

Fuzzy Assessment of MSW Disposal Technologies

Three disposal technologies have their own advantages, and meanwhile disadvantages. Facing a special case, it is difficult to choose a proper one. By integrated analysis to three main technologies, a relatively integrated index system is established. Then by means of fuzzy mathematics (quantify and synthetically analyze the index system, make it unitary) ,a final general assessing model is founded. Finally, the paper takes a planning MSW(municipal solid waste) plant as an example, uses a two-level fuzzy assessment model with three groups of assessing factors,which include economical, environmeutal and the other factors, and concludes that composting is the most appropriate choice.     

Sulphate Attack Resistance of the Concrete with Additives and Its Assessment

The influence of three kinds of additives: silica fume,slag and fly ash on the sulphate attack resistance of concrete were studied.The experiment results show that these three kinds of additives can improve sulphate attack resistance of the concrete and the order of their efficiency from high to low is silica fume,slag and fly ash;the development of mortar expansion value is closely related to the degree of sulphate attack resistance of the concrete;integrated assessing two concrete properties: mortar expansion value and compressive strength ratio can more exactly assess the sulphate attack resistance of the concrete.     

Prediction of the Line Value of a Genotype from a Top Cross with a Single Cross Hybrid

With the assumption of biallelism it is shown that differences in line values of genotypes from a random mating population can be predicted by the differences of values in top cross progenies with a heterozygous tester. This prediction is also valid in the case of multiallelism with a constant degree of dominance for each pair of alleles and if the tester is heterozygous for the more “distant” alleles. With an arbitrary tester, the efficiency of the prediction is affected by the proportion of the loci which are heterozygous for the more distant alleles. However, with the assumptions considered on multiallelism, with partial to complete dominance, the correlation between line value and combining ability with the tester is expected to be high for a large range of the repartition ot the loci. A two tester top cross design using highly complementary lines, could also be used.     

果蔬中SPS研究价值及其进展

通过对保健食品、次生代谢物及SPS的概念作了对比分析,阐述了果蔬中SPS的研究价值、意义以及国内外研究进展.     

转基因植物食用安全评价

2014年全球转基因植物种植面积达到1.815亿hm2,转基因植物商业化发展给全球农业和环境带来巨大收益,但是其安全性问题仍然受到广泛争议。目前,对转基因植物的安全评价在全球范围内已经建立起较为完善的体系,但是各国政府对评价程序的具体要求还存在差异。为了在法律法规层面规范转基因植物安全评价程序,中国农业部颁布了《转基因植物安全评价指南》,涵盖了详细的转基因植物及其产品的安全性评价内容。本文结合案例分析,对该指南中的食用安全评价部分详细解析和论述了包括营养学、毒理学、致敏性以及非期望效应等安全评价程序,旨在为我国转基因植物的食用安全评价提供有益的指导与借鉴。     

甘蓝型油菜DH系在不同生态区SPAD值的差异分析

以甘蓝型油菜纯合双单倍体(DH)为材料,研究不同生态环境下油菜叶绿素SPAD值的变化状况,揭示叶绿素含量遗传表现规律,创制更高叶绿素含量种质资源,以期为油菜高光效育种奠定方法和理论基础。选取了170份甘蓝型油菜DH系,连续3年分别种植在冬油菜区(陕西大荔)和春油菜区(甘肃张掖)。结果表明:无论是不同遗传背景的DH系、还是同一亲本下的不同DH系材料,油菜DH系叶绿素含量在田间既表现出遗传稳定性,又容易受到外界环境影响,即在相似的生态条件下,同一区域即便不同年份的各DH系材料,叶绿素SPAD值的表现基本一致,但在不同生态区,油菜DH系的SPAD值差异很大。通过对油菜DH系亲本和DH系叶绿素SPAD值频数分布分析,叶绿素含量连续3年在2个生态环境具有广泛的连续分布,并且服从正态或者近似于正态分布,以及超亲分离的特点。这些都表明油菜叶绿素含量是一个典型的数量性状,受到多对基因的控制。     

Value Innovation Method in Product Scheme Cost Design

Product design now has a significant influence on the profitability of a business. Enterprise simulation can not only overcome the limitations of current product scheme cost evaluation methods , but also support Product Scheme Cost design of Dynamic Enterprise. Product Scheme Cost Design basing on Value Innovation Method aim at value increase , and use Enterprise simulation as Product design tools. To evaluate different design options, a series of runs are performed in Enterprise simulation system for each design variant. In this way , Product design face on enterprise business. This paper focus on value chain,and use it in Product design, provide a new way for Product design of Dynamic Enterprise.     

外来杂草刺萼龙葵及其风险评估

外来入侵生物已对世界各国的自然生态系统、农业生产及公众健康造成了严重危害。刺萼龙葵(Solanum rostratum)起源于北美洲,其繁殖和适应能力很强,是具有潜在危险的外来有害杂草。对刺萼龙葵的分布、生物生态学特性、经济和生态影响及其控制和管理措施等进行了系统综述。根据生物生态学特性、潜在危险及管理控制的难度等特点,对刺萼龙葵进行了风险评估,得出其风险值为86,属高度危险的检疫性有害生物。应当高度重视刺萼龙葵的入侵,积极采取措施控制其危害蔓延。